Jean Pierre Raffarin
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Jean-Pierre Raffarin (; born 3 August 1948) is a French politician who served as
Prime Minister of France The prime minister of France (french: link=no, Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers. The prime minister ...
from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005. He resigned after France's rejection of the
referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...
on the European Union draft constitution. However, after Raffarin resigned, he said that his decision was not based on the outcome of the vote. Opinion polls following his resignation suggested that Raffarin was one of France's least popular Prime Ministers since the Fifth Republic was established in 1958. However, according to the book ''France: 1815–2003'', written by Martin Evans and Emmanuel Godwin, Raffarin was "a remarkably popular Prime Minister" despite his ability "to state the obvious and to make empty statements". He was also Vice President of the Senate from 2011 to 2014.


Early life

Born 3 August 1948, Raffarin grew up in
Poitiers Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomerat ...
, the son of a prominent national figure: his father
Jean Raffarin Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...
was vice-minister of Agriculture in the government of
Pierre Mendes-France Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French form of the name Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via Latin "petra"). It is a translation ...
(1954–1955). He studied law at Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas and later graduated from the
École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris ESCP Business School (french: École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris) is a French business school and '' grande école'' founded in Paris and based across Europe with campuses in Paris, Berlin, London, Madrid, Turin, and Warsaw. It is consiste ...
. He started his professional career in marketing. In the 1970s, his first political commitment was in the association of
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, , ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981. After serving as Minister of Finance under prime ...
's young supporters. Defining himself as a "''giscardien''", he joined the staff of
Lionel Stoléru Lionel Guy Stoléru (22 November 1937 – 30 November 2016) was a French politician and civil servant. He was also an orchestra founder and conductor. His father, Ilie, was a Romanian immigrant from Vaslui. Stoléru was born in Nantes and atten ...
, Secretary of state for Manual Workers and Immigration, and the
Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...
, the liberal-conservative component of the centre-right confederation the
Union for French Democracy The Union for French Democracy (french: Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre to centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to c ...
(UDF).


Political career

In the 1980s, he started a career in local politics in Poitou-Charentes region. With the support of
René Monory René Monory (6 June 1923 – 11 April 2009) was a French centre-right Gaullist politician. Biography René Monory was born in Loudun and began his career as the owner of a garage. He was the founder of the Poitiers Futuroscope. Monory first ...
, the local political leader, he took the chair of the regional council in 1988. Seven years later, he was elected senator of
Vienne Vienne (; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Viéne'') is a landlocked department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne. It had a population of 438,435 in 2019.European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts ...
: 1989–1995 (Became minister in 1995). Reelected in 1994. ''Senate of France'' *Senator of
Vienne Vienne (; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Viéne'') is a landlocked department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne. It had a population of 438,435 in 2019.Poitou-Charentes : 1988–2002 (Resignation). Re-elected in 1992, 1998. *Vice-President of the Regional Council of Poitou-Charentes : 2002–2004. *Regional councillor of Poitou-Charentes : 1986–2004. Reelected in 1992, 1998. ''Municipal Council'' *Deputy-mayor of
Chasseneuil-du-Poitou Chasseneuil-du-Poitou (, literally ''Chasseneuil of Poitou'') is a commune in the Vienne department, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France. It lies 7 km north of the centre of Poitiers. Its inhabitants are called the '' ...
: 1995–2001. *Municipal councillor of
Chasseneuil-du-Poitou Chasseneuil-du-Poitou (, literally ''Chasseneuil of Poitou'') is a commune in the Vienne department, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France. It lies 7 km north of the centre of Poitiers. Its inhabitants are called the '' ...
: 1995–2001. *Municipal councillor of
Poitiers Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomerat ...
: 1977–1995. Re-elected in 1983, 1989. Political functions *Vice-President of the
Union for a Popular Movement The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Social ...
: Since 2007.


In Government

During the 1995 presidential campaign, while most UDF politicians supported Édouard Balladur, he chose the winning candidacy of
Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, , ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. Chirac was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988, as well as Ma ...
. In return, he was nominated Minister of Small and Medium-sized Companies, Commerce and Craft Industry in
Alain Juppé Alain Marie Juppé (; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. A member of The Republicans, he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997 under President Jacques Chirac, during which period he faced major strikes that paralysed the coun ...
's cabinet (1995–1997). At the same time, the pro-Chirac UDF members founded the Popular Party for French Democracy. Then, he returned in the Republican Party, became
Liberal Democracy Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into diff ...
(DL) in 1997. He was vice-president of DL until 2002.


Prime Minister

During the 2002 presidential campaign, he advocated the union of the right behind the incumbent President Chirac. After his re-election, Chirac wished to give a sign of political renewal. Furthermore, elected in a special second round by a majority of left-wing voters, he searched for a moderate to lead the cabinet and the June 2002 legislative campaign. Raffarin participated in the formation of the
Union for a Popular Movement The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Social ...
(UMP). He criticized the American-led intervention in Iraq. His political policies combined
authority In the fields of sociology and political science, authority is the legitimate power of a person or group over other people. In a civil state, ''authority'' is practiced in ways such a judicial branch or an executive branch of government.''The N ...
and moderate economical liberalism – that is, the support of
laissez-faire ''Laissez-faire'' ( ; from french: laissez faire , ) is an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies) deriving from special interest groups. ...
economic policies. In 2003 he launched reforms of the public retirement scheme and of
decentralisation Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group. Conce ...
, which led to many strikes. During the summer of 2003 the country experienced an unusual
heat wave A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary, a heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the ...
which caused the death of nearly 15,000 people. The perceived late reaction of the government was blamed on his administration. In 2004 he began a reform of the French state-run health-care system. Raffarin's governments were known for their internal quarrels with various ministers taking opposite positions in public. The alleged lack of authority of the Prime Minister was mocked by the media. On 28 March 2004 the ruling UMP party suffered an important defeat during the regional elections, with all but one ''
région France is divided into eighteen administrative regions (french: régions, singular ), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collect ...
'' out of 22 of mainland France going to the opposition ( PS, PCF, Les Verts). This was generally interpreted, including by Raffarin himself in his post-election speech, as "a sign of distrust against the government from the electorate". On 30 March 2004 Jean-Pierre Raffarin tendered the resignation of his government to president Jacques Chirac, who immediately re-appointed him prime minister, with the delegation to form a new government. This major cabinet reshuffle removed some of its most controversial ministers like
Luc Ferry Luc Ferry (; born 3 January 1951) is a French philosopher and politician, and a proponent of secular humanism. He is a former member of the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank. Biography He received an Agrégation de philosophie (1975), a Docto ...
(education) or Jean-François Mattei (health).


Resignation

Raffarin's resignation was accepted by President Chirac on 30 May 2005, after the "no" victory at the
European Constitution The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European U ...
referendum, and he was replaced as Prime Minister by Dominique de Villepin. On 18 September 2005, he was elected Senator in the Vienne ''département''. Speculation were that he could eventually try to become
President of the Senate President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate. It corresponds to the speaker in some other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for e ...
or President of the
Union for a Popular Movement The Union for a Popular Movement (french: link=no, Union pour un mouvement populaire, ; UMP, ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Social ...
if Nicolas Sarkozy won the
2007 presidential election This electoral calendar 2007 lists the national/federal direct elections held in 2007 in the de jure and de facto sovereign states and their dependent territories. Referendums are included, although they are not elections. By-elections are not i ...
. He became one of the Vice presidents of the UMP in 2007. In September 2008, he sought the Senate UMP fraction's investiture to become President of the Senate, but was defeated by
Gérard Larcher Gérard Philippe René André Larcher (born 14 September 1949) is a French politician serving as President of the Senate since 2014, previously holding the office from 2008 to 2011. A member of The Republicans, he has been a Senator for the Yveli ...
. Raffarin is Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon, ...
) and Grand-Croix de l'ordre national du Mérite (National Order of Merit).


International policies

During a state visit to China on 21 April 2005 he avoided opposing the new "anti-secession" law on Taiwan, stating that "The anti-secession law is completely compatible with the position of France" and "The position of France has always been to 'one China' and we will remain attached to this position". On the embargo on weapons, he stated that "France continues to ask for a lifting of the embargo, and does not see what could lead the European Council to change position on that question"

By convention, foreign affairs are one of the President's—and not the Prime Minister's—sole responsibilities.


Governments


First ministry (May – June 2002)

* :fr:Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Jean-Pierre Raffarin – Prime Minister * Dominique de Villepin – Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, and Francophonie *
Michèle Alliot-Marie Michèle Yvette Marie-Thérèse Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (; born 10 September 1946), known in France as MAM, is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. She is a member of the Republicans, part of the Eur ...
– Minister of Defense and Veterans *
Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. Born in Paris, he is of Hungarian, Greek Jewish, and French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Se ...
– Minister of the Interior, Interior Security, and Local Liberties * Francis Mer – Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry * François Fillon – Minister of Labour, Social Affairs, and Solidarity *
Dominique Perben Dominique Perben (born 11 August 1945) is a French politician. Born in Lyon, he was French Minister of Transportation from 2005 to 2007. He was previously Minister of Justice (2002–05), Minister of Civil Service and Administration (1995–199 ...
– Minister of Justice *
Luc Ferry Luc Ferry (; born 3 January 1951) is a French philosopher and politician, and a proponent of secular humanism. He is a former member of the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank. Biography He received an Agrégation de philosophie (1975), a Docto ...
– Minister of National Education, Youth, Higher Education, and Research *
Jean-Jacques Aillagon Jean-Jacques Aillagon (born 2 October 1946, Metz) is a French politician, a close confidant of Jacques Chirac and member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) political party. From 1972 to 1976 he was a high school teacher in the Corrèze ...
– Minister of Culture and Communication * Hervé Gaymard – Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs * Roselyne Bachelot – Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development *
Tokia Saïfi Tokia Afféda Saïfi (born 11 July 1959 in Hautmont, Nord) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North-West of France from 1999 until 2019. She is a member of the Radical party and of the Union for a Po ...
– Minister Delegate of Sustainable Development *
Jean-François Lamour Jean-François Lamour (born February 2, 1956, in Paris) is a French former fencer and current politician and cabinet minister. During his fencing career, Lamour achieved various athletic accomplishments, notably qualifying for the 1987 world cha ...
– Minister of Sport *
Brigitte Girardin Brigitte Girardin (born 12 January 1953 in Verdun, Meuse, France) is a French diplomat and politician. She was the minister of Overseas France under Jacques Chirac from 7 May 2002 to 2 June 2005. Biography In 1976, Girardin first worked for the ...
– Minister of Overseas * Gilles de Robien – Minister of Transport, Housing, Tourism, Sea, and Equipment * Jean-François Mattéi – Minister of Health, Family, and Handicapped People *
Jean-Paul Delevoye Jean-Paul Delevoye (born 22 January 1947) is a French politician. Political career After having worked in the food industry, he began his political career as a village councilman in 1974. Since 1982, he is the mayor of Bapaume, a small town in ...
– Minister of Civil Service, Reform of the State, and Regional Planning * Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres – Minister of European affairs


Second ministry (2002–2004)

*Jean-Pierre Raffarin – Prime Minister * Dominique de Villepin – Minister of Foreign Affairs *
Michèle Alliot-Marie Michèle Yvette Marie-Thérèse Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (; born 10 September 1946), known in France as MAM, is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. She is a member of the Republicans, part of the Eur ...
– Minister of Defense *
Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. Born in Paris, he is of Hungarian, Greek Jewish, and French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Se ...
– Minister of the Interior, Interior Security, and Local Liberties * Francis Mer – Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry * François Fillon – Minister of Labour, Social Affairs, and Solidarity *
Dominique Perben Dominique Perben (born 11 August 1945) is a French politician. Born in Lyon, he was French Minister of Transportation from 2005 to 2007. He was previously Minister of Justice (2002–05), Minister of Civil Service and Administration (1995–199 ...
– Minister of Justice *
Luc Ferry Luc Ferry (; born 3 January 1951) is a French philosopher and politician, and a proponent of secular humanism. He is a former member of the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank. Biography He received an Agrégation de philosophie (1975), a Docto ...
– Minister of National Education, Youth, Higher Education, and Research *
Jean-Jacques Aillagon Jean-Jacques Aillagon (born 2 October 1946, Metz) is a French politician, a close confidant of Jacques Chirac and member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) political party. From 1972 to 1976 he was a high school teacher in the Corrèze ...
– Minister of Culture and Communication * Hervé Gaymard – Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs * Roselyne Bachelot – Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development *
Tokia Saïfi Tokia Afféda Saïfi (born 11 July 1959 in Hautmont, Nord) is a French politician who served as Member of the European Parliament for the North-West of France from 1999 until 2019. She is a member of the Radical party and of the Union for a Po ...
– Minister Delegate of Sustainable Development *
Jean-François Lamour Jean-François Lamour (born February 2, 1956, in Paris) is a French former fencer and current politician and cabinet minister. During his fencing career, Lamour achieved various athletic accomplishments, notably qualifying for the 1987 world cha ...
– Minister of Sport *
Brigitte Girardin Brigitte Girardin (born 12 January 1953 in Verdun, Meuse, France) is a French diplomat and politician. She was the minister of Overseas France under Jacques Chirac from 7 May 2002 to 2 June 2005. Biography In 1976, Girardin first worked for the ...
– Minister of Overseas * Gilles de Robien – Minister of Transport, Housing, Tourism, Sea, and Equipment * Jean-François Mattéi – Minister of Health, Family, and Handicapped People *
Jean-Paul Delevoye Jean-Paul Delevoye (born 22 January 1947) is a French politician. Political career After having worked in the food industry, he began his political career as a village councilman in 1974. Since 1982, he is the mayor of Bapaume, a small town in ...
– Minister of Civil Service, Reform of the State, and Regional Planning * Noëlle Lenoir – Minister of European affairs


Third ministry (2004–2005)

*Jean-Pierre Raffarin – Prime Minister *
Michel Barnier Michel Barnier (born 9 January 1951) is a French politician who served as the European Commission's Head of Task Force for Relations with the United Kingdom (UK Task Force/UKTF) from 2019 to 2021. He previously served as Chief Negotiator, Task ...
– Minister of Foreign Affairs *
Michèle Alliot-Marie Michèle Yvette Marie-Thérèse Jeanne Honorine Alliot-Marie (; born 10 September 1946), known in France as MAM, is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. She is a member of the Republicans, part of the Eur ...
– Minister of Defense * Dominique de Villepin – Minister of the Interior, Interior Security, and Local Liberties *
Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. Born in Paris, he is of Hungarian, Greek Jewish, and French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Se ...
– Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry * Jean-Louis Borloo – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Cohesion *
Dominique Perben Dominique Perben (born 11 August 1945) is a French politician. Born in Lyon, he was French Minister of Transportation from 2005 to 2007. He was previously Minister of Justice (2002–05), Minister of Civil Service and Administration (1995–199 ...
– Minister of Justice * François Fillon – Minister of National Education, Higher Education, and Research **
François d'Aubert François d'Aubert (born 31 October 1943, in Boulogne-Billancourt) is a French politician. He is an auditor at the Court of Audit. From 2002, he was minister delegate to research in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government. From 26 July 2007 to 16 ...
– Minister delegate of Research * Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres – Minister of Culture and Communication * Hervé Gaymard – Minister of Agriculture, Food, Fish, and Rural Affairs *
Serge Lepeltier Serge Lepeltier (born 12 October 1953 in Le Veurdre, Allier) is a French politician. He studied at HEC Paris. He was mayor of Bourges in 1995 and again in 2001. He was elected senator of the Cher ''département'' on 27 September 1998. He w ...
– Minister of Ecology and Sustainable Development *
Jean-François Lamour Jean-François Lamour (born February 2, 1956, in Paris) is a French former fencer and current politician and cabinet minister. During his fencing career, Lamour achieved various athletic accomplishments, notably qualifying for the 1987 world cha ...
– Minister of Youth, Sport, and Community Life *
Brigitte Girardin Brigitte Girardin (born 12 January 1953 in Verdun, Meuse, France) is a French diplomat and politician. She was the minister of Overseas France under Jacques Chirac from 7 May 2002 to 2 June 2005. Biography In 1976, Girardin first worked for the ...
– Minister of Overseas * Gilles de Robien – Minister of Transport, Tourism, Regional Planning, Sea, and Equipment * Philippe Douste-Blazy – Minister of Health and Social Protection *
Marie-Josée Roig Marie-Josée Roig (born 12 May 1938) is a French politician. Biography Marie-Josée Roig was born on 12 May 1938 in Perpignan. She served as a member of the National Assembly from 2007 to 2012, representing the 1st District of Vaucluse. ...
– Minister of Family and Childhood *
Renaud Dutreil Renaud Dutreil (born 12 June 1960) is a graduate of the Paris Institute of Political Sciences, École Normale Supérieure and École Nationale d'Administration in Paris. He was Lauréat du Concours Général de Philosophie in 1978. Dutreil se ...
– Minister of Civil Service and Reform of the State * Nicole Ameline – Minister of Parity and Professional Equality


Minor changes

29 November 2004 – following a Nicolas Sarkozy's resignation to become president of the UMP scandal forcing Hervé Gaymard resignation. *Hervé Gaymard – Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry (replaced Nicolas Sarkozy) *
Dominique Bussereau Dominique Bussereau (born 13 July 1952) is a French politician. He is president of the departmental council of Charente-Maritime since 2008 and president of the since 2015. He was Secretary of State for Transport within the government of ...
– Minister of Agriculture, Food, Fish, and Rural Affairs (replaced Hervé Gaymard) 25 February 2005 – following a scandal forcing Gaymard's resignation * Thierry Breton – Minister of Economy, Finance, and Industry


Raffarinades

Jean-Pierre Raffarin was often teased for his optimistic aphorisms, known colloquially and ironically as ''raffarinades'', the best known being ''La route est droite, mais la pente est forte'' ("The road is straight, but the slope is steep"). Some consider that the word ''raffarinade'' was created in reference to the other French word ''mazarinade''. However, ''mazarinade'' refers to the songs that the ''frondeurs'' (French revolutionaries during the ''Régence'' of Queen Anne – Archduchess of Austria – and chief minister Cardinal de Mazarin, before king Louis XIV's personal reign) sang to mock the unpopular chief minister. Raffarin also tried his English prior to the referendum on the European draft Constitution but this turned out to be an ill-advised idea, as shown in this famous excerpt from his speech: "Oui (the yes) needs the no to win against the no." The referendum itself was eventually nicknamed ''le Raffarindum'' by its opponents while ''
Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées The French Journée de solidarité (or Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées / ''Day of solidarity with the elderly'') is a French law from the ''Code Du Travail''. It was established on June 30, 2004 under the government of Jean-Pi ...
'' (''Day of solidarity with the elderly'') is sometimes referred to as ''la Saint-Raffarin'' by discontented workers (following a decision by Raffarin, French workers are supposed to work on
Whit Monday Whit Monday or Pentecost Monday, also known as Monday of the Holy Spirit, is the holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost, a moveable feast in the Christian liturgical calendar. It is moveable because it is determined by the date of Easter. I ...
for free, but public transportation still uses its "Sundays and holidays" timetable).


Honours


See also

* List of prime ministers of France * Politics of France


References


External links


Official biography (in French)

BBC Profile (in English)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raffarin, Jean-Pierre 1948 births Living people People from Poitiers French Roman Catholics Republican Party (France) politicians Liberal Democracy (France) politicians Democratic Convention (France) politicians Union for a Popular Movement politicians Modern and Humanist France Prime Ministers of France French Ministers of Commerce and Industry Vice-presidents of the Senate (France) MEPs for France 1989–1994 MEPs for France 1994–1999 Officers of the National Order of Quebec Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni ESCP Europe alumni Senators of Vienne