Jean Fourastié (; 15 April 1907 in Saint-Benin-d'Azy,

Nièvre Nièvre () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, central-east France. Named after the river Nièvre, it had a population of 204,452 in 2019.Douelle,

Lot Lot or LOT or The Lot or ''similar'' may refer to: Common meanings Areas * Land lot, an area of land * Parking lot, for automobiles *Backlot, in movie production Sets of items *Lot number, in batch production *Lot, a set of goods for sale togethe ...

) was a French

civil servant The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil servants hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leaders ...

economist An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this ...

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who pr ...

and

public intellectual An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the reality of society, and who proposes solutions for the normative problems of society. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or a ...

. He coined the expression ''

Trente Glorieuses ''Les Trente Glorieuses'' (; 'The Glorious Thirty') was a thirty-year period of economic growth in France between 1945 and 1975, following the end of the Second World War. The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié, who ...

'' ("the glorious thirty

ears An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists o ...

) to describe the period of prosperity that France experienced from the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

until the

1973 oil crisis The 1973 oil crisis or first oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations that had supp ...

Biography

Jean Fourastié received his elementary and secondary education at the

private Private or privates may refer to: Music * " In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorde ...

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College of Juilly The College of Juilly ( French: ''Collège de Juilly'') was a Catholic private teaching establishment located in the commune of Juilly, in Seine-et-Marne (France). Directed by the French Oratorians, it was created in 1638 by the congregationis ...

from 1914 to 1925. Then in Paris, he boarded at École Massillon and enrolled in

classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles The ''classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles'' (CPGE) (English: Higher School Preparatory Classes), commonly called ''classes prépas'' or ''prépas'', are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of stud ...

Lycée Saint-Louis The lycée Saint-Louis is a highly selective post-secondary school located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, in the Latin Quarter. It is the only public French lycée exclusively dedicated to providing ''classes préparatoires aux grandes éc ...

. He was admitted into

École Centrale Paris École Centrale Paris (ECP; also known as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It was also known by its official name ''École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures''. In 2015, École Centrale Paris mer ...

, from which he graduated in 1930, but was not attracted by an engineering career. Instead, he pursued studies at

École Libre des Sciences Politiques , motto_lang = fr , mottoeng = Roots of the Future , type = Public research university''Grande école'' , established = , founder = Émile Boutmy , accreditation ...

where his professors included

Charles Rist Charles Rist (1 January 1874, Prilly – 10 January 1955, Versailles) was a French economist. His son is Léonard Rist Léonard Rist (1905–1982) was a French economist and banker. He was the son of Charles Rist, the economist. Working in Ame ...

and . He received a law degree in 1933, followed by

doctor of law A Doctor of Law is a degree in law. The application of the term varies from country to country and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D), Juris Doctor (J.D.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and Legum Doctor (LL ...

In 1937 with a thesis on insurance supervision. In 1932, Fourastié successfully passed the examination to become an insurance supervisor for the French state (french: commissaire-contrôleur des compagnies d'assurances). He stayed two years at the , a low-level bureaucratic position, and in 1934 joined the , then part of the French Labor Ministry. He was instrumental in the adoption on of a mandatory accounting framework for insurance companies, France's first-ever attempt at accounting standard-setting. He would stay in the

civil service The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil servants hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leaders ...

until 1951. During

, Fourastié kept working for the state under

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...

, while keeping distance from direct collaboration with Germany's Nazi regime. In January 1941, he started giving a course on

insurance Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge ...

at the

Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger in ...

(CNAM), replacing his ministry colleague Maxime Malinski who was Jewish and thus had been victim of the 1940

Vichy anti-Jewish legislation Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parli ...

. Fourastié's course met instant success with CNAM students. He also taught general accounting at

between 1941 and 1943. In early 1942 he briefly served in the (private office) of Vichy Finance Minister Yves Bouthillier. In 1941 and 1943, he participated in the committee chaired by Auguste Detœuf that created France's General Accounting Framework (french: Plan Comptable Général), itself largely modeled on the German accounting framework of 1937 championed by

Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1 ...

. In September-October 1944, the ad hoc body that investigated acts of collaboration (french: commission d’épuration du ministère des Finances) cleared Fourastié of any charges, following a process in which Malinski defended Fourastié's innocence. Fourastié then taught at the newly created

École nationale d'administration The École nationale d'administration (generally referred to as ENA, en, National School of Administration) was a French ''grande école'', created in 1945 by President of France, President Charles de Gaulle and principal author of the Constitu ...

and played an enhanced role in the renewed committee chaired from 1946 by

Robert Lacoste Robert Lacoste (5 July 1898 – 8 March 1989) was a French politician. He was a socialist MP of the Dordogne from 1945 to 1958, and from 1962 to 1967. He then served as senator from 1971 to 1980. Biography Robert Lacoste was born at Azerat ...

. In 1945,

Jean Monnet Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French civil servant, entrepreneur, diplomat, financier, administrator, and political visionary. An influential supporter of European unity, he is considered one of the ...

hired him to serve as an economic advisor on the

Commissariat général du Plan The General Planning Commission (''Commissariat général du Plan'') was an advisory body reporting to the government of France. It was established by the Chairman of the French Provisional Government, Charles de Gaulle, on 3 January 1946. The ...

, serving the country's economic reconstruction under the direct authority of the

Prime Minister of France The prime minister of France (french: link=no, Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers. The prime minister ...

. He served four terms as president of the workforce modernization commission, and in 1961 he was chosen as a member of the "1985 working group" of the ''Commissariat.'' In 1948, Fourastié became vice president of the scientific and technical committee of the European Economic Cooperation Organization (predecessor of the

OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate e ...

). From 1954 to 1957, he led the

European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to regulate the coal and steel industries. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembo ...

's study group on the conditions and effects of technical progress in the

steel industry Steel is an alloy made up of iron with added carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant ty ...

. In 1957 he was appointed as a

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and international security, security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be ...

expert for the Mexican government and to the economic commission for

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...

. Fournastié was a professor at the

Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris , motto_lang = fr , mottoeng = Roots of the Future , type = Public research university''Grande école'' , established = , founder = Émile Boutmy , accreditation ...

until his retirement in 1978. He became professor (Directeur d'études) at the VIth section of the

École Pratique des Hautes Études École may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * École, Savoi ...

(later EHESS) in 1951, and from 1960 he held the

chair A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vario ...

of Economics and Industrial Statistics at CNAM. In 1966, Fourastié became a columnist for the daily newspaper ''

Le Figaro ''Le Figaro'' () is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. The oldest national newspaper in France, ''Le Figaro'' is one of three French newspapers of reco ...

''. Until 1968 he presented the monthly program "Quart d'heure" ("quarter hour") on French state television. In 1968, he was elected to the

Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ...

, and became its president in 1978. In 1981, he was named president of the central administrative commission of the

Institut de France The (; ) is a French learned society, grouping five , including the Académie Française. It was established in 1795 at the direction of the National Convention. Located on the Quai de Conti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, the institute m ...

Publications

* ''Le Contrôle de l'État sur les sociétés d'assurances''. Paris, Faculté de Droit, 1937, 275 p. * ''Le Nouveau Régime juridique et technique de l'assurance en France''. Paris, L'Argus, 1941, 282 p. * ''La Comptabilité''. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1943, 128 p. Coll. Que sais-je? () * '. Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1944, 271 p. * ''L'Économie française dans le monde'', avec la collaboratioun de Henri Montet. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1945, 136 p., Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 191 * ''Les Assurances au point de vue économique et social''. Paris, Payot, 1946, 132 p. (Bibliothèque économique). * ''Esquisse d'une théorie générale de l'évolution économique contemporaine'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1947, 32 p. * ''Note sur la philosophie des sciences'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948, 36 p. * ''Le Grand Espoir du XXe siècle. Progrès technique, progrès économique, progrès social''. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1949, 224 p. - Réed 1989 collection Tel Gallimard * ''La Civilisation de 1960''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1947. 120 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 279). Ed. remaniée en 1953 sous le titre : La Civilisation de 1975, en 1974, sous le titre : La Civilisation de 1995 et en 1982 sous le titre : La Civilisation de 2001. 11e éd. : 1982. * ''Le progrès technique et l'évolution économique'', Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris'', Paris, les cours de Droit (deux fascicules), 1951-52, 249 p. * ''Machinisme et bien-être''. Paris, Ed. de Minuit, 1951, 256 p. (Coll. l'Homme et la machine, dirigée par Georges Friedmann, n° 1), translated in English : ''The causes of wealth'', The Free Press of Glencoe, Illinois, 1960. * ''La Productivité'' Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1952, 120 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 557). (11e éd. : 1987) () * ''La prévision économique et la direction des entreprises''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1955, 152 p. * ''Productivity, prices et wages'', Paris, O.E.C.E., 1957, 115 p. * ''Pourquoi nous travaillons''. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1959, 128 p. (Coll. Que sais-je ? n° 818). (8e éd. : 1984). (Traduit en espagnol, japonais, allemand, portugais, grec) (). * ''La Grande Métamorphose du XXe siècle''. Essais sur quelques problèmes de l'humanité d'aujourd'hui. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1961, 224 p. * ''La Planification économique en France'', avec la collaboration de Jean-Paul Courthéoux. Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1963, 208 p. (Coll. L'organisateur) * ''Les Conditions de l'esprit scientifique''. Paris, Gallimard, 1966, 256 p. (Coll. Idées n° 96). * ''Les 40 000 heures''. Paris, Gonthier-Laffont, 1965. 247 p. (Coll. Inventaire de l'avenir n°1). * ''Essais de morale prospective. Paris, Gonthier ; 1966, 200 p. * ''Lettre ouverte à quatre milliards d'hommes''. Paris, A. Michel, 1970, 167 p. (Coll. Lettre ouverte) * ''Prévision, futurologie, prospective'', Cours de l'Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris. 1973-74. Paris, Les cours de droit, 1974, 113 p. (ronéoté). * '' L'Église a-t-elle trahi ?'' Dialogue entre Jean Fourastié et René Laurentin. Paris, Beauchesne, 1974, 192 p. * ''Pouvoir d'achat, prix et salaires'', avec la collaboration de Jacqueline Fourastié. Paris, Gallimard, 1977, 223 p. (Coll. Idées n° 374). * ''La réalité économique. Vers la révision des idées dominantes en France'', avec la collaboration de Jacqueline Fourastié, Paris, R. Laffont, 1978, 365 p. (Réédité en 1986, Paris, Hachette, 423 p. Coll. Pluriel n° 8488) . * ''Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975'', Paris, Fayard, 1979, 300 p. (Rééd Hachette Pluriel n° 8363) (). * ''Ce que je crois'', Paris, Grasset, 1981. * ''Le Rire, suite'', Paris, Denoël-Gonthier, 1983 * ''Pourquoi les prix baissent'', avec la collaboration de Béatrice Bazil, Paris, Hachette, 1984, 320 p. (Coll. Pluriel n° 8390).fourastie-sauvy.org bibliographie fourastie
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Notes and references

The information on this page is partially translated from the equivalent page in French :fr:Jean Fourastié licensed under the Creative Commons/Attribution Sharealik

History of contributions can be checked her

External links

Comité Jean Fourastié
* J. Fourastié (1994), Jean Fourastié entre Deux Mondes: Mémoires en Forme de Dialogues avec sa Fille Jacqueline (Posthumuous book in collaboration with J. Fourastié and B. Bazil), Beauchesne Edteur, Paris
G.J. Hospers (2003), Fourastié’s foresight after fifty years, Foresight: The Journal of Future Studies, Strategic Thinking and Policy, 5 (2), pp. 11–14
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fourastie, Jean 1907 births 1990 deaths People from Nièvre French economists Economic historians École Centrale Paris alumni Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques

Biography

Publications

See also

Notes and references

External links