() is the official motto of Quebec, and translated literally into English means: "I remember." The exact meaning of this short sentence is subject to several interpretations, though all relate to the history of the Quebec people. The motto can be found on all Quebec license plates, among other things.

Origins

Étienne-Paschal Taché Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché (5 September 1795 – 30 July 1865) was a Canadian doctor, politician, and Father of Confederation. Life Born in St. Thomas, Lower Canada, in 1795, the third son of Charles Taché and Geneviève Michon, Tach� ...

is credited with having popularized the phrase. In 1883, his son Eugène-Étienne Taché, Assistant Commissioner for

Crown land Crown land (sometimes spelled crownland), also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. ...

s in Quebec and architect of the provincial Parliament building, had the motto carved in stone below the coat of arms of Quebec which appears above the Parliament Building's main entrance door. The motto then came into official use, even though the coat of arms was not adopted until 1939.Deschênes, Gaston.
La devise « Je me souviens »
, in , online since September 14, 2001, updated May 20, 2006, retrieved August 19, 2008

Meaning

Changing the Guard ceremony in Québec during the summer 10

Québec - Citadelle de Québec - je me souviens 1

Taché appears not to have left an explanation of the motto's intended meaning but, however, wrote a letter to Siméon Lesage that showed what he intended to accomplish with the statues on the building's façade and describing what they were intended to remind people of. All around the Parliament building are 24 statues of historical figures. They originally included founders (

Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier ( , also , , ; br, Jakez Karter; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French-Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of th ...

Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain (; Fichier OrigineFor a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see RitchThe baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth. – 25 December 1635) was a Fre ...

and de Maisonneuve), clerics ( de Laval, de Brébeuf, Marquette and

Olier Olier was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the National Assembly of Quebec. It was created for the 1966 election, from part of Bourget electoral district. Its final electi ...

), military men ( de Frontenac, Wolfe, de Montcalm and de Levis), First Nations Peoples, French governors ( D'Argenson, de Tracy, de Callières, de Montmagny, d'Ailleboust, de Vaudreuil) and, in the words of Taché, "some English governors the most sympathetic to our nationality" (

Murray Murray may refer to: Businesses * Murray (bicycle company), an American manufacturer of low-cost bicycles * Murrays, an Australian bus company * Murray International Trust, a Scottish investment trust * D. & W. Murray Limited, an Australian who ...

, Dorchester,

Prevost Prevost, Prévost or Prévôt may refer to: Places * Prévost (electoral district), Quebec, a provincial electoral district * Prévost, Quebec, a community in the Laurentians region of Quebec, Canada ** Prévost station * Prevost, a community o ...

and Bagot) and

Lord Elgin Earl of Elgin is a title in the Peerage of Scotland, created in 1633 for Thomas Bruce, 3rd Lord Kinloss. He was later created Baron Bruce, of Whorlton in the County of York, in the Peerage of England on 30 July 1641. The Earl of Elgin is the h ...

, who was given a special place for he was seen as an important player in obtaining "

responsible government Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability, the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. Governments (the equivalent of the executive bran ...

". Taché purposely left empty spaces to allow future generations to add their own statues. His contemporaries, however, did not have any trouble interpreting its meaning. The first interpretations that can be cited are those of historian Thomas Chapais and civil servant Ernest Gagnon. Chapais, during a speech given for the occasion of the unveiling of a bronze statue honouring de Lévis, on June 24, 1895, said:

"the province of Quebec has a motto of which she is proud and which she likes enough to carve it on her monuments and palaces. This motto has only three words: ; but these three words, in their simple economy of expression, are worth more than the most eloquent speeches. Yes, we remember. We remember the past and its lessons, the past and its misfortunes, the past and its glories."

In 1896, Gagnon wrote that the motto "admirably sums up the of Champlain and Maisonneuve's Canada as a distinct province in the confederation." In 1919, seven years after Taché's death, the historian Pierre-Georges Roy underlined the symbolic character of the three-word motto: "which says so eloquently in three words, the past as well as the present and the future of the only French province of the confederation." This sentence would be cited or paraphrased several times afterwards. Various scholars have attempted to discover the source of Taché's words. The ethnologist Conrad Laforte has suggested that they might derive from the song , or possibly

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...

's poem . Writer

André Duval André Duval (April 21, 1920 – March 30, 2018) was a French-Canadian author An author is the writer of a book, article, play, mostly written work. A broader definition of the word "author" states: "''An author is "the person who originated ...

thought the answer was simpler and closer at hand: In the hall of the Parliament building in which the motto is carved above the door, are the arms of the

Marquess of Lorne A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

whose motto was ("do not forget"). Consequently, Duval believed "the motto of Quebec to be at the same time the translation of the Marquess of Lorne's motto and the answer of a French-Canadian subject of Her Majesty to the said motto." Research published in English before 1978 led to the same conclusions regarding the motto's origin, the number of words it has and its interpretation. A 1934 biographical notice about Taché reads:

"M. Taché is also the author of the beautiful poetic and patriotic motto which accompanies the official coat of arms of the Province of Quebec — — the full significance of which cannot perhaps be readily expressed in English words but which may be paraphrased as conveying the meaning 'We do not forget, and will never forget, our ancient lineage, traditions and memories of all the past'."Association of Ontario Land Surveyors, 1934

Encyclopedias and quotation dictionaries, including those of Wallace, Hamilton, Colombo or Hamilton and Shields, all provide the same information as the French-language sources. In 1955, the historian Mason Wade added his opinion by writing: "When the French Canadian says , he not only remembers the days of New France but also the fact that he belongs to a conquered people."

Replacement of "La Belle Province"

In 1978, replaced the tourism-oriented motto ("the beautiful province") on Quebec's vehicle registration plate. According to the historian Gaston Deschênes, this event marks the start of a new period of attempts to reinterpret the meaning of the motto in the mainstream media of Canada. On February 4, 1978, Robert Goyette signed an article entitled "Car owners argue over motto" in ''

The Montreal Star ''The Montreal Star'' was an English-language Canadian newspaper published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It closed in 1979 in the wake of an eight-month pressmen's strike. It was Canada's largest newspaper until the 1950s and remained the domina ...

''. This article attracted the attention of a reader, Hélène Pâquet, a granddaughter of Taché who replied on February 15 in an open letter entitled . It reads in part: The lily refers to France while the rose refers to England, both relating to the floral emblems of the nations. The idea that the motto had a lesser known second part spread widely. This new piece of information had a long life in the media before it was investigated by Deschênes in 1992. When Deschênes contacted Hélène Pâquet in 1992, she was unable to specify the origin of text she quoted in her letter. Her statements were not conformable to those of her father, Lieutenant-Colonel Étienne-Théodore Pâquet Jr., who on March 3, 1939, wrote in a letter to John Samuel Bourque, Tâché's son-in-law, and Minister of Public Works, that "the one who synthesized in three words the history and traditions of our race deserves to be recognized" as much as Routhier and Lavallée who composed the " O Canada". The origin of the second part is today known to be a ''second motto'', created by the same Eugène-Étienne Taché, many years after the first one, and originally destined to be used on a monument honouring the ''Canadian nation'', but which was never built. The monument was to be a statue of a young and graceful adolescent girl, an allegoric figure of the Canadian nation, bearing the motto: "Née dans les lis, je grandis dans les roses / Born in the lilies, I grow in the roses". While the project was never realized, the idea was "recycled" in a commemorative medal for the 300th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City, created by Taché, on which is written ("Born under the lilies, God helping, Champlain's work has grown under the roses").

Other uses

is also the motto of the Royal 22^e Régiment, a

Francophone French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the l ...

regiment of the Canadian Forces.Royal 22^e Régiment Traditions

Notes

References

; English * Deschênes, Gaston.
Je me souviens
, in ''HistoryWire'', March 26, 2009 * Deschenes, Gaston. "Gaston Deschenes on the motto mystery: deciphering the true meaning of Quebec's famous slogan, Je me souviens", in ''The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History'', February 1, 200

; French * Deschênes, Gaston. " ttp://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-518/La_devise_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise_%C2%ABJe_me_souviens%C2%BB.html La devise québécoise « Je me souviens », in , February 1, 2011 * Deschênes, Gaston.
La devise « Je me souviens »
, in , online since September 14, 2001, updated on May 20, 2006 * Gouvernement du Québec.

, in the site of the Government of Quebec, updated January 14, 2008 * Albert, Madeleine and Gaston Deschênes. "Une devise centenaire : Je me souviens", in , 14, 2 (April 1984), p. 21-30.
online
* Magnan, Hormisdas (1929). , Québec, 68 p.
online
* Gagnon, Ernest. "Notes sur la propriété de l'Hôtel du gouvernement à Québec" in {{lang, fr, Rapport du Commissaire des Travaux publics pour l'année 1895-1896, Documents de la session, 1896, 1, doc. 7, p. 115-116. Mottos Provincial symbols of Quebec French words and phrases