Jay Gatsby

Jay Gatsby () (originally named James Gatz) is the titular fictional character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel ''The Great Gatsby''. The character is an enigmatic ''nouveau riche'' millionaire who lives in a Long Island mansion where he often hosts extravagant parties and who allegedly gained his fortune by illicit bootlegging during prohibition in the United States. Fitzgerald based many details about the fictional character on Max Gerlach, a mysterious neighbor and World War I veteran whom the author met in New York during the raucous Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Gerlach threw lavish parties, never wore the same shirt twice, used the phrase "old sport", claimed to be educated at Oxford University, and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relative of Wilhelm II.

The character of Jay Gatsby has been analyzed by scholars for many decades and has given rise to a number of critical interpretations. Scholars posit that Gatsby functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear religio-ethnic identity and his indeterminate class status. Accordingly, Gatsby's socio-economic ascent is deemed a threat by other characters in the novel not only due to his status as ''nouveau riche'', but because he is perceived as a societal outsider. The character's biographical details indicate his family are recent immigrants which precludes Gatsby from the status of an Old Stock American. As the embodiment of "latest America", Gatsby's rise triggers status anxieties typical of the 1920s era, involving xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment.

A century after the novel's publication in April 1925, Gatsby has become a touchstone in American culture and is often evoked in popular media in the context of the American dream—the belief that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and achieve their desired goals, "be they political, monetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The land of opportunity". Gatsby has been described by scholars as a false prophet of the American dream as pursuing the dream often results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability.

The character has appeared in various media adaptations of the novel, including stage plays, radio shows, video games, and feature films. Canadian-American actor James Rennie originated the role of Gatsby on the stage when he headlined the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City. He repeated the role for 112 performances. That same year, screen actor Warner Baxter played the role in the lost 1926 silent film adaptation. During the subsequent decades, the role has been played by many actors including Alan Ladd, Kirk Douglas, Robert Ryan, Robert Redford, Leonardo DiCaprio, Jeremy Jordan, Ryan McCartan, Jamie Muscato, and others.

Inspiration for the character

After the publication and success of his debut novel '' This Side of Paradise'' in 1920, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Sayre relocated to a wealthy enclave on Long Island near New York City. Despite enjoying the exclusive Long Island milieu, Fitzgerald disapproved of the extravagant parties, and the wealthy persons he encountered often disappointed him. While striving to emulate the rich, he found their privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting, and he felt repulsed by their careless indifference to less wealthy persons.: Although Fitzgerald strove "to become member of the community of the rich, to live from day to day as they did, to share their interests and tastes", he found such a privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting.

Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald admired the rich, but he nonetheless harbored a deep resentment towards them.: Fitzgerald "admired deeply the rich" and yet his wealthy friends often disappointed or repulsed him. Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu. This recurrent theme is ascribable to Fitzgerald's life experiences in which he was "a poor boy in a rich town; a poor boy in a rich boy's school; a poor boy in a rich man's club at Princeton." He "sensed a corruption in the rich and mistrusted their might." Consequently, he became a vocal critic of America's leisure class and his works satirized their lives.

While living in New York, writer F. Scott Fitzgerald's enigmatic neighbor was Max Gerlach. Gerlach claimed to be born in America to a German immigrant family, and he served as an officer in the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. He later became a gentleman bootlegger who lived like a millionaire in New York. Flaunting his new wealth, Gerlach threw lavish parties, never wore the same shirt twice, used the phrase "old sport", claimed to be educated at Oxford University, and fostered myths about himself, including that he was a relative of Wilhelm II. These details about Gerlach inspired Fitzgerald in his creation of Jay Gatsby. With the end of prohibition and the onset of the Great Depression, Gerlach lost his immense wealth. Living in reduced circumstances, he attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head in 1939.; ; Blinded after his suicide attempt, he lived as a helpless invalid for many years before dying on October 18, 1958, at Bellevue Hospital, New York City. He was buried in a pine casket at Long Island National Cemetery.

Mirroring Gerlach's background, Fitzgerald's fictional creation of James Gatz has a Germanic surname, and the character's father adheres to Lutheranism. These biographical details indicate Gatsby's family are recent German immigrants. Such origins preclude them from the status of Old Stock Americans.

Fitzgerald based many aspects of the lower-middle-class character on himself. "The whole idea of Gatsby", he later explained, "is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money. This theme comes up again and again because I lived it." In particular, Gatsby's obsession with Daisy Buchanan was based on Fitzgerald's romantic obsession with Chicago heiress Ginevra King.

After ''The Great Gatsby''s publication in April 1925, Fitzgerald was dismayed that many literary critics misunderstood the novel, and he resented the fact that they failed to perceive the many parallels between his own life and his fictional character of Jay Gatsby; in particular, that both created a mythical version of themselves and attempted to live up to this legend.

In June 2025, Clare Hopkins, archivist at Trinity College, and Roger Michel, a fellow of the College, announced after searching historical records that the model for young Gatsby was “almost certainly” Robert P. T. Coffin, a poet.

Fictional biography

Born circa 1890 to impoverished Lutheran farmers in rural North Dakota,: "Just why these inventions were a source of satisfaction to James Gatz of North Dakota, isn't easy to say.... His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people". James Gatz was a poor Midwesterner who briefly attended St. Olaf College, a small Lutheran institution in southern Minnesota. He dropped out after two weeks as he disliked working as a lowly janitor.

In 1907, a 17-year-old Gatz traveled to Lake Superior, where he met copper tycoon Dan Cody whose yacht '' Tuolomee'' was anchored in Little Girl Bay. Introducing himself as Jay Gatsby, the ragged young man saved Cody's yacht from destruction by warning him of weather hazards. In gratitude, Cody invited him to join his yachting trip. Now known as Gatsby, he served as Cody's protégé over the next five years and voyaged around the world. When Cody died in 1912, he left Gatsby $25,000 in his will (), but Cody's mistress Ella Kaye cheated Gatsby out of the inheritance.

In 1917, after the United States' entrance into World War I, Gatsby enlisted as a doughboy in the American Expeditionary Forces. During infantry training at Camp Taylor near Louisville, Kentucky, 27-year-old Gatsby met and fell deeply in love with 18-year-old debutante Daisy Fay. Dispatched to Europe, Gatsby attained the rank of Major in the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment of the 3rd Division and garnered decorations for extraordinary valor during the Meuse–Argonne offensive in 1918 from every Allied government, including the one of Montenegro, which King Nicholas I gave him the Order of Danilo, to "Major Jay Gatsby For Valour Extraordinary".

After the Allied Powers signed an armistice with Imperial Germany, Gatsby resided in the United Kingdom in 1919 where he briefly attended Trinity College, Oxford, for five months. While there, he received a letter from Daisy, informing him that she had married Thomas "Tom" Buchanan, a wealthy Chicago businessman. Gatsby departed the United Kingdom and traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to Louisville, but Daisy had already departed the city on her honeymoon. Undaunted by Daisy's marriage to Tom, Gatsby decided to become a man of wealth and influence in order to win Daisy's affection.

With dreams of amassing immense wealth, a penniless Gatsby settled in New York City as it underwent the birth pangs of the Jazz Age. It is speculated—but never confirmed—that Gatsby took advantage of the newly enacted National Prohibition Act by making a fortune via bootlegging and built connections with organized crime figures such as Meyer Wolfsheim, a Jewish gambler who purportedly fixed the World Series in 1919.

In 1922, Gatsby purchased a Long Island estate in the ''nouveau riche'' area of West Egg, a town on the opposite side of Manhasset Bay from " old money" East Egg, where Daisy, Tom, and their three-year-old daughter Pammy lived. At his mansion, Gatsby hosted elaborate soirées with hot jazz music in an attempt to attract Daisy as a guest. With the help of Daisy's cousin and bond salesman Nick Carraway, Gatsby seduces her.

Soon after, Gatsby accompanied Daisy and her husband to Midtown Manhattan in New York City in the company of Carraway and Daisy's friend Jordan Baker. Tom borrowed Gatsby's yellow Rolls-Royce to drive into the city. He detoured to a filling station in the " valley of ashes", a refuse dump on Long Island. The impoverished proprietor, George Wilson, voiced his concern that his wife Myrtle was having an affair with another man—unaware that Tom was the individual in question.

At a hotel suite in the twenty-story Plaza Hotel, Tom confronted Gatsby over his ongoing affair with his wife in the presence of Daisy, Nick, and Jordan. Gatsby urged Daisy to disavow her love for Tom and to declare that she married Tom for his money. Daisy asserted that she loved both Tom and Gatsby. Leaving the hotel, Daisy departed with Gatsby in his yellow Rolls-Royce while Tom departed in his car with Jordan and Nick.

While driving Gatsby's car on the return trip to East Egg, Daisy struck and killed—either intentionally or unintentionally—her husband's mistress Myrtle standing in the highway. At Daisy's house in East Egg, Gatsby assured Daisy he would take the blame if they were caught. The next day, Tom informed George that it was Gatsby's car that killed Myrtle. Visiting Gatsby's mansion, George killed Gatsby with a revolver while he was relaxing in his swimming pool and then committed suicide by shooting himself with the revolver.

Despite the many flappers and sheiks who frequented Gatsby's lavish parties on a weekly basis, only one reveler referred to as "Owl-Eyes" attended Gatsby's funeral. Also present at the funeral were bond salesman Nick Carraway and Gatsby's father Henry C. Gatz, who stated his pride in his son's achievement as a self-made millionaire.

Critical analysis

American dream

The character of Jay Gatsby has become a cultural touchstone in American culture and is often invoked in popular discourse in the context of rags-to-riches grandeur. Commentator Chris Matthews views the character as personifying the eternal American striver, albeit one is keenly aware that his ''nouveau riche'' status is a detriment: "Gatsby needed more than money: he needed to be someone who had ''always'' had it.... this blind faith that he can retrofit his very existence to Daisy's specifications is the heart and soul of ''The Great Gatsby''. It's the classic story of the fresh start, the second chance". However, in contrast to Gatsby as "the eternal American striver", folklorist Richard Dorson sees Gatsby as a radically different American archetype who rejects the traditional approach to earning wealth via hard work in favor of quick riches via bootlegging. In Dorson's view, Gatsby "rejected the Protestant ethic in favor of a much more extravagant form of ambition".

The character is often evoked as an indicator of social mobility; in particular, the likelihood of the average American amassing wealth and achieving the American dream. In 1951, biographer Arthur Mizener first interpreted the final pages of the novel in the context of the American dream. "The last two pages of the book," Mizener wrote in his biography '' The Far Side of Paradise'', "make overt Gatsby's embodiment of the American dream as a whole by identifying his attitude with the awe of the Dutch sailors" when first glimpsing the New World. Mizener noted the dream's enchantment is qualified by Fitzgerald via his emphasis on its unreality. Mizener argued that Fitzgerald viewed the American dream itself as "ridiculous.": Fitzgerald's "main point is that the American dream of rising from newsboy to President is ridiculous". Following the publication of his 1951 biography, Mizener popularized his interpretation of the novel as an explicit criticism of the American dream in a series of talks titled "''The Great Gatsby'' and the American Dream."

Expanding upon Mizener's thesis, scholar Roger L. Pearson traced in 1970 the literary origins of this dream to Colonial America. The dream is the belief that every individual, regardless of their origins, may seek and achieve their desired goals, "be they political, monetary, or social. It is the literary expression of the concept of America: The land of opportunity". Echoing Mizener's earlier interpretation, Pearson suggests Gatsby serves as a false prophet of the American dream, and pursuing the dream only results in dissatisfaction for those who chase it, owing to its unattainability. In this context, the green light emanating across the Long Island Sound from Gatsby's house is interpreted as a symbol of Gatsby's unrealizable goal to win Daisy and, consequently, to achieve the American dream.

Societal outsider

Scholars posit that Gatsby's socio-economic ascent is deemed a threat not only due to his status as ''nouveau riche'', but because he is perceived as an ethnic and societal outsider. Many of Fitzgerald's characters like Gatsby are defined by their sense of " otherness".: "John Unger is an outsider to the wealth and power elite as well as to the truth of his intended fate." Much of Fitzgerald's fiction is informed by his life experiences as a societal outsider. As a young boy growing up in the Midwest, he strained "to meet the standard of the rich people of St. Paul and Chicago among whom he had to grow up without ever having the money to compete with them". His wealthier neighbors viewed the young author's family to be lower-class, and his classmates at affluent institutions such as Newman and Princeton regarded him as a parvenu. His life as an expatriate in Europe and as a writer in Hollywood reinforced this lifelong sense of being an outsider.

Gatsby, whom other characters belittle as "Mr. Nobody from Nowhere", functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear ethno-religious identity and his indeterminate class status. Much like Fitzgerald, Gatsby's ancestry precludes him from the coveted status of Old Stock Americans. His ascent is deemed a threat not only due to his status as ''nouveau riche'', but because he is perceived as an outsider. Tom Buchanan's hostility towards Gatsby, who is the embodiment of "latest America", has been interpreted as partly embodying status anxieties typical of the 1920s era, involving anti-immigrant sentiment. Accordingly, Gatsby—whom Tom belittles as "Mr. Nobody from Nowhere"—functions as a cipher because of his obscure origins, his unclear religio-ethnic identity and his indeterminate class status.

Because of such themes, scholars assert that Fitzgerald's fiction captures the perennial American experience, since it is a story about outsiders and those who resent them—whether such outsiders are newly-arrived immigrants, the ''nouveau riche'', or successful minorities. Since Americans living in the 1920s to the present must navigate a society with entrenched prejudices, Fitzgerald's depiction of resultant status anxieties and social conflict in his fiction has been highlighted by scholars as still enduringly relevant nearly a hundred years later.

Due to Gatsby's ''nouveau riche'' background and indeterminate class status, Fitzgerald viewed the character to be a contemporary Trimalchio, the crude upstart in Petronius's ''Satyricon'', and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel. Unlike Gatsby's spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the orgies he hosted, although the characters are otherwise similar. Intent on emphasizing the connection to Trimalchio, Fitzgerald entitled an earlier draft of the novel as ''Trimalchio in West Egg''. Fitzgerald's editor, Maxwell Perkins, convinced the author to abandon his original title of ''Trimalchio in West Egg'' in favor of ''The Great Gatsby''.

Self-mythologizing

The term "Gatsby" is also often used in the United States to refer to real-life figures who have reinvented themselves; in particular, wealthy individuals whose rise to prominence involved an element of deception or self-mythologizing. In a 1986 exposé on disgraced journalist R. Foster Winans who engaged in insider trading with stockbroker Peter N. Brant, the '' Seattle Post Intelligencer'' described Brant as "Winan's Gatsby". Brant had changed his name from Bornstein and said he was "a man who turned his back on his heritage and his family because he felt that being recognized as Jewish would be a detriment to his career".

Success at any cost

In more recent years, Gatsby's pursuit of success at any cost has been referenced as exemplifying the perils of environmental destruction in pursuit of self-interest. According to Kyle Keeler, Gatsby's quest for greater status manifests as self-centered, anthropocentric resource acquisition. Inspired by the predatory mining practices of his fictional mentor Dan Cody, Gatsby participates in extensive deforestation amid World War I and then undertakes bootlegging activities reliant upon exploiting South American agriculture. Gatsby conveniently ignores the wasteful devastation of the valley of ashes to pursue a consumerist lifestyle and exacerbates the wealth gap that became increasingly salient in 1920s America. For these reasons, Keeler argues that—while Gatsby's socioeconomic ascent and self-transformation depend upon these very factors—each one is nonetheless partially responsible for the ongoing ecological crisis.

Musical leitmotif

Both the character of Jay Gatsby and Fitzgerald's novel have been linked to George Gershwin's 1924 composition '' Rhapsody in Blue''.; ; ; ; Scholars assert that the fictional piece of music in Fitzgerald's novel titled ''Jazz History of the World,'' played by an orchestra when Nick first meets Gatsby, alludes to Gershwin's rhapsody, and the orchestra alludes to Paul Whiteman's band which first performed the work at Aeolian Hall in a February 1924 jazz concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music". Whiteman repeated the concert at Carnegie Hall.: "Viadmir Tostoff's ''Jazz History of the World'', which is played at Gatsby's party, asserts that jazz is an authoritative and authentic voice of the period... The bandleader Paul Whiteman... was encouraged in 1924 to put on a jazz concert in a symphony hall which he called 'An Experiment in Modern Music', the major composition being Gershwin's ''Rhapsody in Blue''. It was later repeated at Carnegie Hall".

In the novel, Fitzgerald's description of the orchestra's unique instrumentation is nearly identical to Whiteman's iconic band. "We can be fairly certain that he is referring to Whiteman's band," wrote Gerald Early in his 1993 work ''The Lives of Jazz'', "The orchestra is described as 'a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos, and low and high drums', a nearly exact description of the instrumentation of the Whiteman band". In an earlier draft, Fitzgerald added and then deleted a passage in which Nick describes in detail the jazz music played by this symphonic orchestra as embodying "the very essence of change". Stuart Mitchner highlights Nick's reaction to the opening glissando of Gershwin's rhapsody in this draft:

Fitzgerald admired Gershwin's composition and opined that ''Rhapsody in Blue'' idealized jazz much as the youth-obsessed zeitgeist of the Jazz Age idealized youth. In subsequent decades, critics and scholars linked both the Jazz Age and Fitzgerald's works with Gershwin's rhapsody. In 1941, historian Peter Quennell opined that Fitzgerald's novel embodied "the sadness and the remote jauntiness of a Gershwin tune". Various writers such as the American playwright and critic Terry Teachout have likened George Gershwin himself to the character of Jay Gatsby due to his attempt to transcend his lower-class background, his abrupt meteoric success, and his early death while in his thirties. Playing upon the connection between Jay Gatsby and Gershwin's rhapsody, the 2013 film ''The Great Gatsby'' used ''Rhapsody in Blue'' as a dramatic leitmotif for the character.

Portrayals

Stage

The first individual to portray the role of Jay Gatsby was 37-year-old James Rennie, a stage actor who headlined the 1926 Broadway adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel at the Ambassador Theatre in New York City. As "a handsome Canadian with a good voice", Rennie's portrayal met with rave reviews from theater critics. He repeated the role for 112 performances and then paused when he had to voyage to England due to an ailing family member.

After returning from England, Rennie continued to appear as Gatsby when the stage play embarked upon a successful nationwide tour. As Fitzgerald was vacationing in Europe at the time, he never saw the 1926 Broadway play, but his agent Harold Ober sent him telegrams which quoted the many positive reviews of the production.

In later stage adaptations, many actors have played Jay Gatsby. The Yale Dramatic Association performed a musical production of ''The Great Gatsby'' in May–June 1956. This was its first musical adaptation. In 1999, Jerry Hadley portrayed the character in John Harbison's operatic adaptation of the work performed at the New York Metropolitan Opera, and Lorenzo Pisoni portrayed Gatsby in Simon Levy's 2006 stage adaptation of Fitzgerald's novel.

In the fall of 2023, Jeremy Jordan played Gatsby in '' The Great Gatsby: A New Musical'' at Paper Mill Playhouse. The same production later transferred to Broadway in March 2024 where Jordan reprised the role. In the summer of 2024, Isaac Cole Powell played the role of Gatsby in Florence Welch's musical '' Gatsby: An American Myth'' at the American Repertory Theatre. In January 2025, Ryan McCartan took over the role of Gatsby from Jordan in the Broadway production of ''The Great Gatsby'' and in April 2025, Jamie Muscato began starring as Gatsby in the West End production.Frances Mayli McCann and Jamie Muscato Will Lead London's The Great Gatsby
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Film

A number of actors portrayed Jay Gatsby in cinematic adaptations of Fitzgerald's novel. Warner Baxter played the role in the lost 1926 silent film. Although the film received mixed reviews, Warner Baxter's portrayal of Gatsby was praised by several critics, although other critics found his acting to be overshadowed by Lois Wilson as Daisy. Purportedly, F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Sayre loathed the 1926 film adaptation of his novel and stormed out midway through a viewing of the film at a cinema. "We saw ''The Great Gatsby'' at the movies," Zelda wrote to an acquaintance in 1926, "It's and awful and terrible and we left."

Nearly a decade after Fitzgerald's death by a heart attack in 1940, Gatsby was portrayed by Oklahoma actor Alan Ladd in the 1949 film adaptation. Ladd's Gatsby was criticized by Bosley Crowther of ''The New York Times'' who felt that Ladd was overly solemn in the title role and gave the impression of "a patient and saturnine fellow who is plagued by a desperate love". The film's producer Richard Maibaum claimed that he cast Ladd as Gatsby based on the actor's rags-to-riches similarity to the character:

In 1974, Robert Redford portrayed Gatsby in a film adaptation that year.; Film critic Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' believed that Redford was "too substantial, too assured, even too handsome" as Gatsby and would have been better suited in the role of antagonist Tom Buchanan. Likewise, film critic Gene Siskel of the ''Chicago Tribune'' criticized Redford's interpretation of Gatsby as merely a "shallow pretty boy". Siskel declared there was little resemblance between Redford's suave portrayal and the ambitious parvenu in the novel.

In more recent decades, Leonardo DiCaprio played the role in director Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film adaptation. In a 2011 interview with ''Time'' magazine prior to the film's production, DiCaprio explained he was attracted to the role of Gatsby due to the idea of portraying "a man who came from absolutely nothing, who created himself solely from his own imagination. Gatsby's one of those iconic characters because he can be interpreted in so many ways: a hopeless romantic, a completely obsessed wacko or a dangerous gangster intent on clinging to wealth".

Television

The character of Jay Gatsby has appeared many times in television adaptations. The first was in May 1955 as an NBC episode for '' Robert Montgomery Presents'' starring Robert Montgomery as Gatsby. In May 1958, CBS filmed the novel as an episode of ''Playhouse 90'', also titled ''The Great Gatsby,'' which starred 50-year-old Robert Ryan as the 32-year-old Jay Gatsby.

Toby Stephens later portrayed the character in a 2000 television film adaptation. In a 2001 review of the television film, ''The New York Times'' criticized Stephens' performance as "so rough around the edges, so patently an up-from-the-street poseur that no one could fall for his stories for a second" and his "blunt performance turns Gatsby's entrancing smile into a suspicious smirk".

In ''The Simpsons'' episode " The Great Phatsby", Mr. Burns assumes Jay Gatsby's role, with the storyline spoofing the 2013 film adaptation. In the ''Family Guy'' episode " High School English", Brian Griffin is portrayed as Gatsby.

Radio

Kirk Douglas starred as Gatsby in an adaptation broadcast on CBS '' Family Hour of Stars'' on January 1, 1950, and Andrew Scott played Gatsby in the 2012 two-part BBC Radio 4 '' Classic Serial'' production.

List

See also

* Gatsby (sandwich), a South African submarine sandwich named after the character
* Great Gatsby curve, a measure of economic inequality and social mobility
* Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald

References

Notes

Citations

Works cited

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