According to
ibn Fadlan, the Jāwashīghar was an official in the
Khazar government under the command of the
Kündür Khagan, in turn under
Khagan Bek's command. Ibn Fyadlan did not describe the duties of this officer.
This title had been transcribed in different ways: ''Jāwshïghr'' or ''Jawshïghïr'' (
Togan, 1939), ''Jāwshīghr'' (
Canard
Canard is French for duck, a type of aquatic bird.
Canard may also refer to:
Aviation
*Canard (aeronautics), a small wing in front of an aircraft's main wing
* Aviafiber Canard 2FL, a single seat recreational aircraft of canard design
* Blé ...
, McKeithen 1979), ''Jawshighir'' (
Frye, 2005), ''Jawshīghīr'' (Lunde & Stone, 2011) and ''Jāwash(y)īghar'' (Golden, 1980).
Scholarly theories to
etymologize the title include:
*
Douglas M. Dunlop
Douglas Morton Dunlop (1909–1987) was a renowned British oriental studies, orientalist and scholar of Islamic and Eurasian history.
Early life and education
Born in England, Dunlop studied at Bonn and Oxford under the historian Paul E. Kahle, Pa ...
(1954) hypothesized that the name derives from the phrase ''
Chavush Uyghur'' or "Marshal of the
Uyghurs";
*Golden (2005:214) proposed that ''Jāwshīghr'' might've been garbled from ''Jawašğır'' from ''javaš'' (
Common Turkic ''yavaš'') "gentle, mild" plus agentive suffix ''-ğır''/''ğur'', thus "the one who makes peace" (cf.
Uygh. Buddh. ''yavaš qıl'' "to make peace" (Clauson, 1972:880));
*Erdal (2007:80-81) reconstructed ''Čavïš-yïgar'', meaning "the 'marshal' bringing together all the ''čavïš''
ho marshalled the ranks in battle and were in charge of order at court;
*Klyashtorny (1997:22-23) reconstructed ''Čavšunqar (
beg)'' "head of the royal
falcon-hunting" (''čav'' means
falcon and ''šunqar''
gyrfalcon) and pointed to the
Karakhanid title ''čavlï-beg''.
Sources
*Kevin Alan Brook. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
*
Douglas M. Dunlop
Douglas Morton Dunlop (1909–1987) was a renowned British oriental studies, orientalist and scholar of Islamic and Eurasian history.
Early life and education
Born in England, Dunlop studied at Bonn and Oxford under the historian Paul E. Kahle, Pa ...
, ''The History of the Jewish Khazars,'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
*
Peter B. Golden
Peter Benjamin Golden (born 1941) is an American historian who is Professor Emeritus of History, Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University. He has written many books and articles on Turkic peoples, Turkic and Central Asian Studies, ...
, ''Khazar Studies'', Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980.
*Peter B. Golden, "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in ''Turkic Languages'', ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005
*
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, ''Mission to the Volga'', translated by James Montgomery, foreword by Tom Severin, 2017, NYU Press, 2017.
*
Marcel Erdal, "The Khazar Language" in ''The World of the Khazars''. Brill, 2007. pp. 75-108
*Sergey Klyashtorny, "About One Khazar Title in ibn Faḍlān" in ''Manuscripta Orientalia'' 3.3, Thesa, 1997.
Khazar titles
{{Khazaria