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Jaume Aiguader i Miró (or Jaime Aguadé Miró, 24 July 1882 – 30 May 1943) was a Spanish medical doctor, writer, social activist, politician and Catalan nationalist. He was one of the founders of the
Republican Left of Catalonia The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a pro-Catalan independence, social-democratic political party in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, with a presence also i ...
political party. He became Mayor of
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
, and was a national deputy during the
Second Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 ...
. He was Minister of Labor and Social Assistance in the government of
Juan Negrín Juan Negrín López (; 3 February 1892 – 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician. He was a leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( es, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) and served as finance minister and ...
during the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, link ...
(1936–1939). After the fall of the Republic, he died in exile in Mexico.


Life


Early years (1882–1923)

Jaume Aiguader i Miró was born in
Reus Reus () is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain. The area has always been an important producer of wines and spirits, and gained continental importance at the time of the Phylloxera plague. Nowadays it is kno ...
, Tarragona, Catalonia on 24 July 1882, son of Jaume Aiguadé i Serra and Rosa Miró i Castells. His father owned a transport company, and the family was prosperous. He studied in Reus, and showed a lively interest in current affairs. He joined a group of young people, many with anarchist leanings, that included Joan Puig i Ferreter. Aiguader did not want to join the family business, and around 1900 moved to
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
to study medicine. He wrote in Spanish for the anarchist periodical ''La Alarma'', and in Catalan for the magazine ''Germinal'', both published in Reus. He ran a medical consultation in Barcelona in a working-class district, and sometimes waived his fees. He graduated in 1907 and moved to
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the Largest cities of the Europ ...
for his doctoral studies, obtaining a degree as a doctor in 1909. In 1912 Aiguader published a book on ''Social Aspects of Social Infections in Marriage''. That year he married Carme Cortés i Lladó, from a family of doctors. They would have four children: Jaume Anton, Carme, Núria and Cristian. Aiguader lived in Reus from 1912 to 1914. He moved to Barcelona and continued to practice medicine. In 1919 he was one of the founders of the Catalonia doctor's union. In 1921 he gained a position on the Municipal Medical Corps of Barcelona. From 1921 to 1925 he chaired the ''Ateneu Enciclopèdic Popular'', a cultural organization.


Dictatorship (1923–1933)

Aiguader held left-wing and Catalan nationalist political views. In 1923 he joined the ''Unió Socialista de Catalunya'' (USC,
Socialist Union of Catalonia Socialist Union of Catalonia (in Catalan: ''Unió Socialista de Catalunya'') was the socialist political party in Catalonia, Spain. USC was formed through a split in Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1923. The main leader of USC was Joan Comor ...
). The USC declined after 1923 during the dictatorship of
Miguel Primo de Rivera Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquess of Estella (8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930), was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era. He deepl ...
. Aiguader became involved with the '' Estat Català'' founded by
Francesc Macià Francesc Macià i Llussà (; 21 September 1859 – 25 December 1933) was a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as the 122nd president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, and formerly an officer in the Spanish Army. Politically, he evol ...
, while retaining his USC membership. Due to his opposition to the regime his house was searched and he was arrested several times. He was held in the ''Model'' prison from November 1926 to May 1927. During and after the dictatorship he published many works on scientific and social subjects in Catalan. As a leader of the ''Estat Català a l'interior'' Aiguader travelled to
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
several times to meet with Macià. In 1929 he was more active in illegal politics, and to 1930 he participated in the Pact of San Sebastián. In March 1931 Aiguader was a founder and director of the ''d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya'' (
Republican Left of Catalonia The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a pro-Catalan independence, social-democratic political party in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, with a presence also i ...
). He was among the candidates of the ''Esquerra'' who won the municipal elections of 12 April 1931. He promised radical change. At one election meeting in April he said the changes being implemented in the Soviet Union were just an "anticipation" of the plans of the ''Esquerra''. Aiguader joined Macià and other leaders in proclaiming the Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation on 14 April 1931, and was proclaimed mayor of Barcelona. The Barcelona city government struggled due to large debts, shortage of resources and lack of management skills. It did manage to improve tax collection and greatly increase the number of children in the new municipal schools. Aiguader was elected to the provisional government council representing Barcelona in May 1931. He was elected to the national government as a deputy for Barcelona in the election of 28 June 1931. His position as a director of the ''Esquerra'' was confirmed in the first general congress of the party in February 1932.


Second Spanish Republic (1933–1939)

At the second ''Esquerra'' party congress in June 1933, after the end of the dictatorship, Aiguader represented the Federation of Tarragona. In June 1933 he and other members of the ''Esquerra'' resigned and were restored to their positions by the new government. He held office until 31 July 1934. He was elected to represent Barcelona in the national government in the general elections of 19 November 1933. After the disturbances of 6 October 1934 he was arrested, as were other members of the government, and imprisoned on the ship ''Argentina'', anchored in the port of Barcelona. His journal ''Pamflet'' was suspended. Despite being a deputy, he was held until May 1935, when he was released on parole. He resumed publication of ''Pamflet'' in February 1936. Aiguader was again elected to represent Barcelona in the national parliament in the general election of 16 February 1936. When the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, link ...
began in July 1936 he organized and ran the Health Committee of the Antifascist Militias, created the first hospital in the Barcelona war zone, and was a member of the Health Council of War. In the first government of
Francisco Largo Caballero Francisco Largo Caballero (15 October 1869 – 23 March 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). In 1936 and 19 ...
from September to November 1936 he was undersecretary for Health and Welfare within the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Welfare, headed by Josep Tomàs i Piera. He was a minister without portfolio representing the ''Esquerra'' in Largo Caballero's second government from 4 November 1936 to 17 May 1937, based in Valencia. From 17 May 1937 to 16 August 1938 he was Minister of Labor and Social Welfare in the government of
Juan Negrín Juan Negrín López (; 3 February 1892 – 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician. He was a leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( es, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) and served as finance minister and ...
. He resigned in August 1938 in solidarity with the Basque Manuel de Irujo because he thought some of the government's decisions on war industries harmed the rights of Catalonia, and because he disagreed with the creation of special war tribunals.


Later years

After the fall of Catalonia at the start of 1939 Aiguader went into exile in France. He worked with organizations that assisted refugees in Paris. While in Paris he contributed to ''El Poble Català'' and the ''Revista de Catalunya''. After the occupation of France in June 1940 by the German forces, he lived in concealment in various French cities until he was able to escape to Mexico in 1941. In Mexico he continued to contribute to ''El Poble Català'', edited the ''Revista de Catalunya'', ''Pamflet'' and ''Butlletí del Sindicat de Metges de Catalunya'', and contributed to other publications. He wrote a biography of Miquel Servet, which was published in 1945, after his death. Aiguader died in
Mexico City Mexico City ( es, link=no, Ciudad de México, ; abbr.: CDMX; Nahuatl: ''Altepetl Mexico'') is the capital city, capital and primate city, largest city of Mexico, and the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North Amer ...
on 30 May 1943. Jaume's younger brother Artemi Aiguader also became a politician, and during the Civil War was interior minister of the ''Generalitat'' of Catalonia.


Publications

Aiguader helped with the creation of the ''Arnau de Vilanova'' publishing house, and founded and directed the ''Monografies mèdiques'' journal from 1926 to 1937. This monthly journal covered medical and scientific subjects in technical terms in the
Catalan language Catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as ''Valencian'' (autonym: ), is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern ...
, including articles by Aiguader. Although Aiguader often spoke about popularizing medicine, and said he wanted ''Monografies'' to reach the general public, the articles and advertisements were clearly addressed to medical professionals. Aiguader planned a Catalan-language scientific encyclopedia for workers and arts and crafts students, but also for the "educated man". He also published the ''La Sageta'' series of books for a broader audience, also in Catalan. These Catalan publications may be seen as vehicles for opposition to the dictatorship. Unlike authors who romanticized Barcelona's Barrio Chino red light district, Aiguader wrote, "There's nothing but dirt and poverty there. Much of the vice and crime are nothing but overdue meals and lack of water to wash oneself. A few rolls of bread carefully distributed and a lot of soap would clean up all that grime." He gave many lectures to workers, and wrote articles on social issues in newspapers such as the ''Butlletí del Sindicat de Metges de Catalunya'', ''La Publicidad'' (under the pseudonym "Jordi Amer"), ''La Nau'', ''Ideari'', ''Justícia Social'', ''L'Opinió'', ''Mirador'' and the ''Revista de Catalunya''. In 1929 he published ''La Lleialtat a l'època'', in which he analyzed the condition of industrial workers. In 1931 he helped Lluís Companys found the newspaper ''La Humanitat''. Aiguader's publications include: * * * * * * * ** * * * * * *


Notes


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Aiguader i Miro, Jaume 1882 births 1943 deaths People from Reus Republican Left of Catalonia politicians Government ministers of Spain Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic Mayors of Barcelona City Council Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction) Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico