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Jasia Reichardt (born 1933) is a British
art critic
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogue ...
,
curator
A curator (from la, cura, meaning "to take care") is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the parti ...
, art gallery director, teacher and prolific writer, specialist in the emergence of
computer art
Computer art is any art in which computers play a role in production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditi ...
. In 1968 she was curator of the landmark ''
Cybernetic Serendipity
Cybernetic Serendipity was an exhibition of cybernetic art curated by Jasia Reichardt, shown at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, from 2 August to 20 October 1968, and then toured across the United States. Two stops in the United ...
'' exhibition at
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
's
Institute of Contemporary Arts
The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and Admiralty Arch, the ICA c ...
. She is generally known for her work on experimental art.
After the deaths of
Franciszka and
Stefan Themerson
Stefan Themerson (25 January 1910 – 6 September 1988) was a Polish writer of children's literature, poet and inventor of Semantic Poetry, novelist, script writer filmmaker, composer and philosopher. He wrote in at least three languages. With ...
she catalogued their archive and looks after their legacy.
Her own self-description reads: Jasia Reichardt writes, lectures and organises events about subjects which deal with the relationship of art to other areas of human activity such as architecture, science, technology.
She was assistant director of the ICA, director of the
Whitechapel Art Gallery
The Whitechapel Gallery is a public art gallery in Whitechapel on the north side of Whitechapel High Street, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The original building, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opened in 1901 as one of the fir ...
, and tutor at the
AA. She has written books on art, computers, robots and the future.
Childhood
Jasia Reichardt was born to Maryla and Seweryn Chaykin in
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
, Poland, in 1933. Her mother was an illustrator and pianist and her father an architect and engineer. An assimilated middle-class Jewish family, they were overwhelmed by the
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
invasion of Poland
The invasion of Poland (1 September – 6 October 1939) was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week aft ...
in 1939 and were incarcerated among the capital's Jewish population in the
Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto (german: Warschauer Ghetto, officially , "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; pl, getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the G ...
. Jasia survived there for a while with her mother and grandmother who tried to shield her from the unfolding horror. In 1942 she was smuggled out, but both her parents were murdered in
the Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...
. She was subsequently hidden under an assumed identity by a series of Poles, spending time in a convent, until she was able to join her mother's sister, Franciszka Themerson, and her husband, Stefan Themerson, in London in 1946. She attended
Dartington Hall
Dartington Hall in Dartington, near Totnes, Devon, England, is an historic house and country estate of dating from medieval times. The group of late 14th century buildings are Grade I listed; described in Pevsner's Buildings of England as "on ...
school.
and then went to study production at the
Old Vic Theatre
The Old Vic is a 1,000-seat, nonprofit organization, not-for-profit producing house, producing theatre in Waterloo, London, Waterloo, London, England. Established in 1818 as the Royal Coburg Theatre, and renamed in 1833 the Royal Victoria Th ...
School in London.
Career
In the 1950s she was assistant editor of
Art News and Review, for which she wrote numerous reviews, as well as exhibition introductions for various galleries of contemporary art. In the early 1960s she was the general editor of the "Art in Progress" series published by
Methuen. She organised various exhibitions of new art, and in 1963 – 1971 was assistant director of the
ICA[
In 1968, she organised the ground-breaking '']Cybernetic Serendipity
Cybernetic Serendipity was an exhibition of cybernetic art curated by Jasia Reichardt, shown at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, from 2 August to 20 October 1968, and then toured across the United States. Two stops in the United ...
'' exhibition, and edited the special issue of ''Studio International
''Studio International'' is an international illustrated contemporary art magazine, formerly published in hard copy in London from 1964 until 1992, and electronically published since 2000. It incorporated an earlier magazine, '' The Studio: An ...
'', which replaced the catalogue.[Jasia Reichardt (ed) (November 1968). ''Cybernetic Serendipity, the computer and the arts''. ''Studio International'' Special Issue 905'']
London, Studio International
/ref> The same year, she curated ''Fluorescent Chrysanthemum'', an exhibition of contemporary experimental Japanese art.[Jasia Reichardt (ed) (November 1968). ''Cybernetic Serendipity, the computer and the arts''. ''Studio International'' Special Issue 905'']
London, Studio International
/ref> Other exhibitions followed, including Play Orbit of objects to play with by British artists.
From 1974 to 1976 Reichardt was director of the Whitechapel Art Gallery
The Whitechapel Gallery is a public art gallery in Whitechapel on the north side of Whitechapel High Street, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The original building, designed by Charles Harrison Townsend, opened in 1901 as one of the fir ...
.[Jasia Reichardt archive of concrete and sound poetry, 1959-1977]
Getty Research Institute. Accessed January 2014. Between 1989 and 1998 she was one of the directors of ''Artec'' biennale in Nagoya
is the largest city in the Chūbu region, the fourth-most populous city and third most populous urban area in Japan, with a population of 2.3million in 2020. Located on the Pacific coast in central Honshu, it is the capital and the most pop ...
. In 1998 she curated ''Electronically Yours'', an exhibition of electronic portraiture at the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography
The is an art museum concentrating on photography.
As the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, it was founded by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and is in Meguro-ku, a short walk from Ebisu station in southwest Tokyo. The museum also ...
.
Apart from writing and organising exhibitions, she broadcast on the arts programme, "Critics’ Forum" for the BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
, 1965 – 1977. She collaborated with artists and continued to focus on the intersection of the arts and science on which she wrote a monthly column in the ''
New Scientist
''New Scientist'' is a magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London, it publishes weekly English-language editions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organisation publishe ...
''. After 1990, she collaborated on various projects with
Nick Wadley, until his death in 2017.
She has taught at the Architectural Association and other colleges. After 1988, she organised the archive of
Franciszka and
Stefan Themerson
Stefan Themerson (25 January 1910 – 6 September 1988) was a Polish writer of children's literature, poet and inventor of Semantic Poetry, novelist, script writer filmmaker, composer and philosopher. He wrote in at least three languages. With ...
; the 3 volume catalogue of the archive was published in 2020 and distributed by
MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
.
She served on numerous committees; belonged to a number of professional organisations, gave lectures at conferences, and received several distinctions.
Personal life
Jasia Reichardt was married first to Tony Richards (later Reichardt), art dealer and collector, and secondly to art historian and artist
Nick Wadley.
Exhibitions organised by JR
in London unless otherwise indicated
* ''Image in Progress'' (first exhibition of
Pop Art in London),
Grabowski Gallery
The Grabowski Gallery was an avant-garde art gallery opened in 1959 in London's Chelsea by Mateusz Grabowski, anticipating the Swinging Sixties. It hosted some of the earliest shows of the rising pop art movement and was the first venue in Lond ...
, 1962
* ''The Inner Image'' (between painting and sculpture), Grabowski Gallery, 1964
* ''Art in Britain 1930-40'' (A tribute to
Sir Herbert Read
Sir Herbert Edward Read, (; 4 December 1893 – 12 June 1968) was an English art historian, poet, literary critic and philosopher, best known for numerous books on art, which included influential volumes on the role of art in education. Read ...
), Marlborough Fine Art and New London Gallery, 1965
* ''Between Poetry and Painting'', ICA, 1965
* ''London Under Forty'', Galleria Milano, Milan, 1966
* ''Essays in Narrative'', Zwemmer Gallery, London, 1966
* ''Ventures'', (experimental works in three dimensions), Arts Council touring exhibition, 1967
* ''
Cybernetic Serendipity
Cybernetic Serendipity was an exhibition of cybernetic art curated by Jasia Reichardt, shown at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England, from 2 August to 20 October 1968, and then toured across the United States. Two stops in the United ...
'', ICA, 1968, also in
Washington
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...
and
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
* ''Fluorescent Chrysanthemum'' (new Japanese art, music and films), ICA, 1968–69, and
Vancouver
Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...
* ''Play Orbit'' (playthings by artists), ICA, 1969–70
* ''Ten Sitting Rooms'' (created by artists), ICA, 1970
* ''Time, Words and the Camera'' (photoworks by British artists), Künstlerhaus, Graz, 1976–77
* ''Electronically Yours'', Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, 1988
* ''
Yolanda Sonnabend, House of Memory'', Galeria Stara, Lublin, 2001
* ''Nearly Human'', Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art II, Gdańsk, 2015
* ''
Nick
Nick may refer to:
* Nick (given name)
* A cricket term for a slight deviation of the ball off the edge of the bat
* British slang for being arrested
* British slang for a police station
* British slang for stealing
* Short for nickname
Place ...
in Europe'', 12 Star Gallery, London, 2018
* ''
Nick
Nick may refer to:
* Nick (given name)
* A cricket term for a slight deviation of the ball off the edge of the bat
* British slang for being arrested
* British slang for a police station
* British slang for stealing
* Short for nickname
Place ...
in Gdańsk'', Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art II, Gdańsk, 2019
* ''Fluorescent Chrysanthemum Remembered'', Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art I, Gdańsk, 2019
Bibliography
Articles in regular magazine series:
* Monthly column.
Architectural Design
Building design refers to the broadly based architectural, engineering and technical applications to the design of buildings. All building projects require the services of a building designer, typically a licensed architect. Smaller, less complic ...
. 1963-79
* Column on modern art.
Apollo
Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...
, 1960–63
* 'Developments in Style.'
The London Magazine
''The London Magazine'' is the title of six different publications that have appeared in succession since 1732. All six have focused on the arts, literature and miscellaneous topics.
1732–1785
''The London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly I ...
, 1962–64
* Column on art in London.
Art d'aujourd'hui, 1962–66
* 'Comment.'
Studio International
''Studio International'' is an international illustrated contemporary art magazine, formerly published in hard copy in London from 1964 until 1992, and electronically published since 2000. It incorporated an earlier magazine, '' The Studio: An ...
, 1965–69
* 'Art at large,' on the connections between art and science.
New Scientist
''New Scientist'' is a magazine covering all aspects of science and technology. Based in London, it publishes weekly English-language editions in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. An editorially separate organisation publishe ...
, 1971–74
* Monthly column.
Building Design
Building design refers to the broadly based architectural, engineering and technical applications to the design of buildings. All building projects require the services of a building designer, typically a licensed architect. Smaller, less complica ...
, 1982–88
* Contributor to
Artefactum, 1984–86
* Contributor to
Cedal, Puerto Rico, 1986
Books written by:
* ''
Victor Pasmore
Edwin John Victor Pasmore, CH, CBE (3 December 190823 January 1998) was a British artist. He pioneered the development of abstract art in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s.
Early life
Pasmore was born in Chelsham, Surrey, on 3 December 1908. He ...
''. Art in Progress series. London: Methuen & Co 1962. ASIN: B0000CLE70
* ''
Yaacov Agam
Yaacov Agam ( he, יעקב אגם) (born 11 May 1928) is an Israeli sculptor and experimental artist widely known for his contributions to optical and kinetic art.
Biography
Yaacov Gibstein (later Agam) was born in Israel, which, at that time ...
''. Art in Progress series. London: Methuen. 1966. ASIN: B0006BSCLM
* ''The Computer in Art''. London: Studio Vista. 1971
* ''Robots: Fact, Fiction, and Prediction''.
Thames & Hudson
Thames & Hudson (sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books in all visually creative categories: art, architecture, design, photography, fashion, film, and the performing arts. It also publishes books on archaeology, history, ...
. 1978
* ''
Magdalena Abakanowicz
Marta Magdalena Abakanowicz-Kosmowska (20 June 1930 – 20 April 2017) was a Polish sculptor and fiber artist. She was known for her use of textiles as a sculptural medium and her outdoor installations. She is widely regarded as one of Poland ...
''. New York:
Abbeville Press
Abbeville Publishing Group is an independent book publishing company specializing in fine art and illustrated books. Based in New York City, Abbeville publishes approximately 40 titles each year and has a catalogue of over 700 titles on art, arc ...
. 1982. ISBN 0896593231.
* ''Fifteen Journeys from Warsaw to London''. London:
Dalkey Archive Press
Dalkey Archive Press is an American publisher of fiction, poetry, foreign translations and literary criticism specializing in the publication or republication of lesser-known, often avant-garde works. The company has offices in Funks Grove, Il ...
. 2012.
Books edited by:
* Series of 13 monographs on living artists 'Art in Progress', Methuen, 1962–66
*
Hausmann, Raoul and
Schwitters, Kurt; ed. Jasia Reichardt. ''PIN'', Gaberbocchus Press (1962); Anabas-Verlag, Giessen. 1986
* ''Cybernetics, art, and ideas''. Studio Vista. 1971
* ''Stefan Themerson - Collected Poems'', Gaberbocchus Press/
Uitgeverij De Harmonie
De Harmonie is a Dutch publishing company best known today as the publisher of the Harry Potter series of books since the 1990s, though their largest success didn't come until the 2000s and since 14 February 2008 they are located on Herengracht in ...
, Amsterdam, 1997
* ''Stefan Themerson – Wiersze Wybrane 1939 – 1945'',
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego,
Katowice
Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
, 2004
* Kurt Schwitters: ''Three Stories'', Tate Publishing, 2010
* ''Unposted Letters
fFranciszka and Stefan Themerson'', Gaberbocchus & De Harmonie, Amsterdam, 2013
* ''The Themerson Archive Catalogue'', MIT, 2020
Books contributed to:
* "Multiples" in ''The Year’s Art'', Penguin Books, 1974
* "Op Art" in ''Concepts of Modern Art'', Penguin Books, 1974
* "Art and Cybernetics" in
Le Temps et la Cybernetique, Micromégas, 1975
* "After Malraux" in ''360 degrees around Katsuhiro Yamaguchi'', Rikuyo-sha Publishing Inc., 1981
* "Die Paradoxe mechanijsche Lebens" in ''Wunschmaschine Welterfindung'', Springer, Vienna, 1966
* "In the beginning", ''White Heat Cold Logic'', MIT, 2009
* "A meeting with Borges", with ''Borges, My Work in Prose'',
Obscure Publications, 2010
* "Borges", with ''Borges, My life in Books'', Obscure Publications, 2010
Texts in exhibition catalogues include:
* ''Janina Baranowska''. London:
Grabowski Gallery
The Grabowski Gallery was an avant-garde art gallery opened in 1959 in London's Chelsea by Mateusz Grabowski, anticipating the Swinging Sixties. It hosted some of the earliest shows of the rising pop art movement and was the first venue in Lond ...
. 1962. ASIN: B00MAPQH32
* ''
Marc Vaux/
Tess Jaray
Tess Jaray (born 31 December 1937) is a British painter and printmaker. She taught at The Slade School of Fine Art, UCL from 1968 until 1999. Over the last twenty years Jaray has completed a succession of major public art projects. She was made ...
''. London: Grabowski Gallery. 1963. ASIN: B0016702SG
* ''Peter Schmidt'' - Autobiographical Mono Prints. London: Lisson Gallery. 1970. ASIN: B00C3YNUP8
* ''
Paul Van Hoeydonck
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
*Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chris ...
Space Sculpture''. London:
Annely Juda Fine Art. 1973. ASIN: B001E0DNUY
* Folon, Jean-Michel; Reichardt, Jasia. ''
FOLON'' "Catalogue of an exhibition organised by the
Belgian Ministry of French Culture and held at the
Institute of Contemporary Arts
The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) is an artistic and cultural centre on The Mall in London, just off Trafalgar Square. Located within Nash House, part of Carlton House Terrace, near the Duke of York Steps and Admiralty Arch, the ICA c ...
Gallery 21 April - 29 May 1977". 1977. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts Gallery. 1977. ASIN: B0010LNM3A
* ''
Margaret Priest
Margaret Priest (born 1944) is a Toronto based artist, educator and arts advocate. Priest's artistic practice of 50 years includes painting, print-making, sculpture and public art projects, and she is known and recognized for drawing the interior ...
. Recent Drawings''. London:
Waddington Fine Art. 1980. ASIN: B002GE5TB8
* ''
Liliane Lijn
Dr Liliane Lijn D.Litt. (born 1939) is an American-born artist who was the first woman artist to work with kinetic text (''Poem Machines''), exploring both light and text as early as 1962; and in addition, she is in all likelihood the first woman ...
: Imagine the Goddess''. London:
Fischer Fine Art exhibition catalogue. 1987
* ''
Karl Gerstner, First London Exhibition''.
Marlborough Fine Art
Marlborough Fine Art was founded in London in 1946 by Frank Lloyd and Harry Fischer. In 1963, a gallery was opened as Marlborough-Gerson in Manhattan, New York, at the Fuller Building on Madison Avenue and 57th Street, which later relocated in ...
(London) Ltd. 1999. ISBN 978-0900955785
* ''
Andrew Logan, an Adventure in Art''.
Museum of Modern Art, Oxford
Modern Art Oxford is an art gallery established in 1965 in Oxford, England. From 1965 to 2002, it was called The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford.
The gallery presents exhibitions of modern and contemporary art. It has a national and internationa ...
. 1999. ISBN 978-0905836737
* ''Uncanny Valley: Recent Sculptures by
Tim Lewis''.
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
:
National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside. 2004. ASIN: B00LXOO5V2
* ''
Piero Fogliati - The Poet of Light''.
Turin
Turin ( , Piedmontese language, Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital ...
, 2004.
* ''Swinging London - The
Grabowski Collection''.
Museum of Art in Łódź
Muzeum Sztuki, or the Museum of Art in Łódź, is a museum of modern and contemporary art in Łódź, Poland, whose main goal is to research and display avant-garde art, as well as progressive artistic interventions.
The institution is housed in ...
(Łódź: Muzeum Sztuki). 2007
Journals and magazines contributed to: ''AA files, Ambit, Architectural Review, Art Monthly, Art International, Art News, Arte Oggi, Arts, Arts Review, Artscribe, Arts Review, Billedkunst, Bonhams magazine, The British Journal of Aesthetics, Cambridge Opinion, Cimaise, Connoisseur, The Creative Holography Index, Domus, Eye, Image Roche, The Independent, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Konteksty, Das Kunstwerk, Kwartalnik Literacki, Leonardo, Marmo, Metro, Museumjournaal, Opus, Pagina, Pa`renthesis, Penrose Annual, Pix 1, Progressive Architecture, Quadrum, The Royal Academy Magazine, RSA Journal, Skira Annuel, Studio International, Sunday Times, Typographica, L'Uomo e l'Arte, Vytvarne Umeni, Zodiac'', and others
See also
*
Algorithmic art
Algorithmic art or algorithm art is art, mostly visual art, in which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called ''algorists''.
Overview
Algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset o ...
*
Computer Art
Computer art is any art in which computers play a role in production or display of the artwork. Such art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditi ...
*
Electronic art
Electronic art is a form of art that makes use of electronic media. More broadly, it refers to technology and/or electronic media. It is related to information art, new media art, video art, digital art, interactive art, internet art, and electr ...
*
Generative art
Generative art refers to art that in whole or in part has been created with the use of an autonomous system. An autonomous system in this context is generally one that is non-human and can independently determine features of an artwork that wo ...
*
New media art
New media art includes artworks designed and produced by means of new media, electronic media technology, technologies, comprising virtual art, computer graphics, computer animation, digital art, interactive art, sound art, Internet art, video g ...
*
Virtual art
Virtual art is a term for the virtualization of art, made with the technical media developed at the end of the 1980s (or a bit before, in some cases). These include human-machine interfaces such as visualization casks, stereoscopic spectacles and s ...
*
Post-conceptual art
Post-conceptual, postconceptual, post-conceptualism or postconceptualism is an art theory that builds upon the legacy of conceptual art in contemporary art, where the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work takes some precedence over traditional ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reichardt, Jasia
1933 births
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
British women curators
British curators
Art museum people
British art historians
Women art historians
British digital artists
Women digital artists
New media artists
Living people
British critics
Warsaw Ghetto inmates
Postmodernists
Mass media theorists
Cultural historians
Polish translators
Translators from Polish
Polish–English translators
20th-century Polish women writers
21st-century Polish women writers