Japanese Transport Ship Hokkai Maru

''Hokkai Maru'' (''Japanese'': 北海丸) (''English: North Sea'') was a ''Kinai Maru''-class auxiliary transport of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. She participated in the Japanese occupation of British Borneo and was part of ill-fated convoy HI-71.

History

She was laid down on 15 November 1931 at the Nagasaki shipyard of Mitsubishi Zosen K.K. at the behest of Osaka Shosen K.K./Osaka Merchant Marine Co. She was launched on 3 September 1932, completed 4 March 1933, and registered in Osaka. She served as a passenger ship for Osaka Shosen travelling from Kobe to New York via the Panama Canal and in 1938, further onward to Europe. In July 1941, the US closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping due to Japan's invasion of Indochina. On 23 September 1941, she was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy. On 10 November 1941, she was designated an auxiliary transport and assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District under Captain Yamamura Minoru (山村實).

Invasion of Borneo

In November 1941, she was assigned to Southern Force (under Vice Admiral Kondo Nobutake) as part of the Borneo Invasion Group (under Rear Admiral Kurita Takeo), code-named " Operation B" ( the invasion of British Borneo). Her specific unit, the Miri and Seria Invasion unit, was led by Rear Admiral Hashimoto Shintarō. The force consisted of ''Hokkai Maru'' carrying the No.2 Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force along with four other Imperial Japanese Navy transports (''Tonan Maru No 3'' carrying the 4th Naval Construction Unit, and three transports carrying equipment and supplies, '' Unyo Maru No. 2'', ''Kamikawa Maru'', and ''Mitakesan Maru'') and five Imperial Japanese Army transports carrying the 25th Army (''Katori Maru'', ''Hiyoshi Maru'', ''Myoho Maru'', ''Kenkon Maru'', and ''Nichiran Maru''). The force was escorted by two heavy cruisers (, ), two light cruisers ( and ), six destroyers (, , , , , ), a seaplane tender (), two minesweepers ('' W-3'' and '' W-6''), and a subchaser ( ''CH-7''). On 13 December 1941, the convoy left Cam Ranh Bay, Indochina (''Mitakesan Maru'' is later detached to deliver supplies to the Philippines). On 15 December 1941, the transports arrived and disembarked their troops unopposed at Seria, Miri, and Lutong, successfully occupying the airfields and oil wells. On 17 December 1941, the destroyer ''Shinonome'' was sunk by a Dutch Dornier Do 24 flying-boat flying from Tarakan.

On 22 December 1941, two battalions of the 25th Army (one battalion remains behind) and the SNLF re-embarked on the nine transports escorted by the same covering force (less the subchaser ''CH-7'' which remained at Miri) to occupy Kuching, the capital of Sarawak. To the west, an additional screen was provided by cruisers and , and destroyer . On 23 December 1941 near Kuching, the Dutch submarine attacked and sank the transports ''Hiyoshi Maru'' and ''Katori Maru''; and damaged ''Tonan Maru No. 3'' and ''Hokkai Maru'' (which is so heavily damaged that she is grounded to avoid sinking). Later that day, the convoy reached the mouth of the Santubong River and began to disembark their troops on the 24th. In the late evening or early morning of the 23rd/24th, torpedoed and sank the destroyer ''Sagiri''. On 25 December 1941, HMNS ''K XIV'' attacked again and torpedoed and damaged the transport ''Nichiran Maru''. On 26 December 1941, Dutch Army Martin B-10 bombers from Samarinda, Borneo bomb and sink the minesweeper ''W-6'' and the transport/collier '' Unyo Maru No. 2''. HNLMS ''K XVI'' was later torpedoed and sunk by the Kaidai-type submarine '' I-166'' on her way back to Soerabaja. Despite the loss of two destroyers, three transports, and a minesweeper as well as the damaging of three transports, the mission successfully occupied Kuching.

On 15 February 1942, ''Hokkai Maru'' was removed from the Navy List. In September 1942, she was re-floated and towed to Singapore by auxiliary transport ''Heito Maru'' and auxiliary minesweeper ''Toshi Maru No. 2''. Repairs were completed in September 1943 and she returned to transport duty completing numerous uneventful convoys throughout the Japanese occupied zones. She appears to have returned to civilian control.

Convoy Hi-71

In August 1944, she was part of the ill-fated fast convoy HI-71 under Rear Admiral Kajioka Sadamichi which had left Mako, Taiwan for Manila in a typhoon to deliver much-needed troops and supplies for the defense of the Philippines. The convoy consisted of fleet oiler '' Hayasui''; stores ship ; oilers , ''Zuihō Maru'', '' Kyokutō Maru'', '' Nisshō Maru'', and ''Eiyo Maru''; transports , , ''Teia Maru'', and ''Noto Maru''; cargo ship ''Kashii Maru''; and IJA landing craft depot ships and . The force was screened by escort carrier , destroyers '' Fujinami'', '' Yunagi'', and '' Asakaze'', and escorts '' Hirado'', '' Kurahashi'', '' Mikura'', '' Shōnan'', '' Sado'', , , '' Hiburi'', and '' CD-11''. In the morning on 18 August 1944, the convoy is attacked by the American submarine which torpedoed and damaged the oiler ''Eiyo Maru'' (which is forced to return to Takao escorted by destroyers ''Asakaze'' and ''Yunagi''). In the late evening, the convoy is attacked by the American submarine sinking the escort carrier ''Taiyō'' (killing 747) and the transport ''Teia Maru'' (killing 2,665 including 2,316 troops). On 19 August 1944, the convoy divided into two groups. ''Rasher'' pursues one group and successfully torpedoes the transports ''Awa Maru'' and ''Noshiro Maru'' (who are both beached off Currimao, Luzon to avoid sinking). American submarines and join in the attack with ''Bluefish'' sinking the fleet oiler '' Hayasui'' and the oiler '' Teiyō Maru''; and ''Spadefish'' sinking the landing craft depot ship ''Tamatsu Maru'' (killing 4,890 including 4,755 troops). While escorts ''Sado'', ''Matsuwa'', and ''Hiburi'' kept the submarines occupied, the undamaged ships (3 oilers, 1 transport, 1 stores ship, 1 cargo ship, and 1 landing craft depot ship as well as the other escorts) were able to take refuge in San Fernando, La Union before reforming and making it to Manila on 21 August 1944 (''Awa Maru'' arrived later that day under tow and ''Noshiro Maru'' on the 24th). The defending escorts ''Sado'', ''Matsuwa'' and ''Hiburi'' were intercepted and sunk as they attempted to rejoin their convoy in Manila by the American submarines and .

On 25 August 1944, ''Hokkai Maru'' and the rest of the much reduced convoy HI-71 departed Manila for Singapore consisting of 4 oilers (''Kyokutō Maru'' and ''Zuihō Maru'' augmented by ''Azusa Maru'' and ''Kyokuhō Maru'') and the repaired transport ''Awa Maru'' escorted by destroyer ''Fujinami'', 3 escorts (''Hirado'', ''Mikura'', and ''Kurahashi''), and sub-chaser '' CH-28''. ''Kyokuhō Maru'' developed engine trouble was diverted with ''Fujinami'' to Miri, Malaysia. The remaining convoy arrived at Singapore on 1 September 1944.

Demise

On 21 September 1944, Hokkai Maru departed Surabaya, Java escorted by gunboat ''Nankai'' (the ex-Dutch ''Regulus''). On 23 September 1944, ''Hokkai Maru'' and ''Nankai'' struck mines 15 miles west of Sebuku Island leaving both ships crippled. ''Hokkai Maru'' is towed by auxiliary transport '' Kita Maru'' (the ex-Dutch ''Gemma'') and beached to prevent her sinking under the watch of minesweeper '' W-11''. On 16 November 1944, she is re-floated and towed back to Surabaya by rescue tug ''Akitsu Maru'', and auxiliary netlayers ''Kanko Maru'' and '' Shunsen Maru'', with minesweeper '' W-12'' and auxiliary sub-chasers '' CHa-2'' and '' CHa-3'' providing escort. She underwent repairs through the end of the war at the No. 102 Naval Construction and Repair Department at Surabaya, Java. In October 1945, she was seized by the Indonesian People's Revolutionary Front and on 12 November 1945, she was destroyed by a fire.

References

{{November 1945 shipwrecks

World War II naval ships of Japan
Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
1932 ships
Auxiliary ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy