Japanese Submarine I-169

''I-69'', later ''I-169'', was an Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser submarine of the KD6 sub-class commissioned in 1935. She served in World War II, during which she conducted six war patrols and took part in operations supporting the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal campaign, the Aleutians campaign, and the defense of the Gilbert Islands. She sank in a diving accident in April 1944.

Construction and commissioning

Built by Mitsubishi at Kobe, Japan, ''I-69'' was laid down on 22 December 1931 and launched on 15 February 1934.I-169 ijnsubsite.com November 16, 2018 Accessed 12 January 2022
/ref> She was completed and accepted into Imperial Japanese Navy service on 28 September 1935.

Service history

Pre-World War II

Upon commissioning, ''I-69'' was attached to the Kure Naval District. On 8 October 1935, she was assigned to Submarine Division 12. Her division was assigned to Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet, on 15 November 1935. On 13 April 1936, she got underway from Fukuoka, Japan, in company with the other two submarines of her division — ''I-68'' and — for a training cruise off China in the Qingdao area, which the submarines completed with their arrival at Sasebo on 22 April 1936.I-168 ijnsubsite.com November 16, 2018 Accessed 11 January 2022
/ref>
/ref> The three submarines departed Mako in the Pescadores Islands on 4 August 1936 for a training cruise in the Amoy area off China, returning to Mako on 6 September 1936.

''I-69'' was decommissioned and placed in the Third Reserve in the Kure Naval District on 15 December 1938, then attached directly to the Kure Naval District on 1 May 1939 while out of commission. She was recommissioned on or about 1 September 1939. Submarine Division 12 was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 3 in the 2nd Fleet on 15 November 1939.

''I-69'' departed Okinawa on 27 March 1940 in company with ''I-68'', ''I-70'', and the submarines , ''I-74'', and ''I-75'' for a training cruise in Chinese waters, completing it when the six submarines arrived at Takao, Formosa, on 2 April 1940.I-175 ijnsubsite.com November 25, 2018 Accessed 4 May 2022
/ref> Submarine Squadron 3 was reassigned to the 6th Fleet on 15 November 1940. On 12 May 1941, ''I-69'' suffered bow damage in a collision with ''I-70'' at Yokosuka, Japan.

As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy in preparation for the impending conflict in the Pacific, ''I-69'' was assigned to Operation Z, the planned Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Submarine Division 12, consisting of ''I-69'' and ''I-70'', was assigned to Submarine Squadron 3, which in turn was assigned to the 6th Fleet′s Advanced Expeditionary Force, for the attack. On 11 November 1941, ''I-69'' departed Saeki, Japan, with the commander of Submarine Division 12 embarked, bound for Kwajalein in company with ''I-68'', ''I-70'', , , and .

World War II

First war patrol

On 23 November 1941, ''I-69'' departed Kwajalein to begin what would become her first war patrol. She received the message "Climb Mount Niitaka 1208" ( ja, Niitakayama nobore 1208) from the Combined Fleet on 2 December 1941, indicating that war with the Allies would commence on 8 December 1941 Japan time (7 December 1941 in Hawaii).

On 7 December 1941, ''I-69'' and ''I-68'' took up station off the entrance to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to rescue the crews of midget submarines attempting to penetrate the harbor's defenses during the Japanese attack that brought Japan and the United States into World War II that morning. At commanding officer witnessed what he reported as "a massive explosion in Pearl Harbor. There are several explosions, followed by high columns of fire (probably a detonating warship magazine). This must have been some capital ship sunk by our midget submarines". On the evening of 7 December 1941, ''I-69'' fired a torpedo at a destroyer south-southeast of Barbers Point, Oahu. Apparently sighting the torpedo's wake, the destroyer turned away, avoiding the torpedo, then counterattacked with depth charges.

''I-69'' and ''I-68'' spent 8 December 1941 off the entrance of Pearl Harbor awaiting the return of midget submarine crews, but none returned. On 9 December 1941, ''I-69'' attacked a cargo ship south of Oahu without success and again was depth-charged. Later that day, she became entangled in an anti-submarine net off Barbers Point. After several hours, she freed herself, damaging a periscope in the process, and finally surfaced after remaining submerged for about 39 hours. When all hope of rescuing aircrews shot down during the 7 December attack was abandoned, she left Hawaiian waters, arriving at Kwajalein on 27 December 1941.

Second war patrol

On 12 January 1942, ''I-69'' departed Kwajalein to begin her second war patrol, assigned to the waters around Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and with orders to conduct a reconnaissance of the atoll. She arrived off Midway on 21 January 1942. At around 18:05 on 8 February 1942, she surfaced less than off Midway's Brooks Channel to bombard the radio station on Sand Island. She fired only three rounds from her gun before return fire by a United States Marine Corps coastal artillery battery forced her to submerge. On 10 February 1942, she surfaced south of the mouth of Brooks Channel again at around 17:58 to make a second attempt at bombarding Sand Island, but two U.S. Marine Corps Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters of Marine Fighter Squadron 221 (VMF-221) patrolling overhead spotted her and attacked, each dropping bombs that landed close alongside ''I-69''. The two fighters then strafed ''I-69'' briefly before she submerged after firing only two rounds at the island. She returned to Kwajalein on 17 February 1942.

Third and fourth war patrols

On 18 February 1942, ''I-69'' departed Kwajalein to begin her third war patrol, ordered to patrol in defense of Rabaul on New Britain, which the U.S. Navy's Task Force 11 was approaching with an intention to launch air raids against Japanese forces and bases there. After Task Force 11 lost the element of surprise, however, it withdrew, and ''I-69'' was diverted to a patrol area east of Wake Island. After an uneventful patrol, she proceeded to Japan, where she arrived on 5 March 1942 for an overhaul at Kure.

With the overhaul complete, ''I-69'' got underway from Kure on 15 April 1942 to begin her fourth war patrol, operating as part of a submarine patrol line in the vicinity of Wake Island. This patrol also was uneventful, and she concluded it with her arrival at Kwajalein on 9 May 1942. During her stay at Kwajalein, she was renumbered ''I-169'' on 20 May 1942.

Fifth war patrol — Midway operation

On 24 May 1942, ''I-169'' departed Kwajalein for her fifth war patrol, deploying in support of Operation MI, the planned Japanese invasion of Midway Atoll. As part of Submarine Squadron 3, she operated in a patrol line — which also included the submarines , , , and — in the Pacific Ocean between and , tasked with intercepting American reinforcements approaching Midway from the main Hawaiian Islands to the southeast. During the Battle of Midway, fought from 4 to 7 June 1942, ''I-169''′s squadron mate ''I-168'' torpedoed the aircraft carrier , but the rest of the patrol line had no impact on the battle, and ''I-169'' saw no action during her patrol. The Japanese suffered a decisive defeat and cancelled the invasion of Midway. ''I-169'' concluded her patrol with her arrival at Kwajalein on 20 June 1942.

Sixth war patrol

On 9 July 1942, ''I-169'' departed Kwajalein on her sixth war patrol with the commander of Submarine Division 12 on board. She had orders to reconnoiter New Caledonia and the New Hebrides during the patrol. During July, she conducted a reconnaissance of New Caledonia's Saint Vincent Bay. On 25 July 1942, when she was southeast of Nouméa, New Caledonia, she torpedoed the Dutch 9,227-gross register ton cargo ship ''Tjinegara'', serving at the time as a United States Army troopship and on a voyage from Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, to Nouméa. After several torpedo hits ''Tjinegara'' sank at . On 4 and 5 August 1942, ''I-169'' conducted a reconnaissance of Port Vila on Efate in the New Hebrides. She was forced to leave the area when two destroyers chased her. She arrived at Truk, concluding her patrol, on 15 August 1942.

August–December 1942

''I-169'' got underway from Truk on 17 August 1942 to return to Japan. She arrived at Kure on 24 August 1942, then moved to Sasebo on 2 September 1942 to undergo an overhaul. With it complete, she returned to Truk, where she arrived on 18 September 1942 with Submarine Squadron 3's , ''I-168'', ''I-171'', ''I-172'', ''I-174'', and ''I-175'' to participate in the Guadalcanal campaign. On 16 November 1942, the 6th Fleet commander, Vice Admiral Teruhisa Komatsu called a meeting of submarine captains and announced that the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, had ordered the Japanese submarine force to organize a supply system for the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army on Guadalcanal. After taking part in this effort, ''I-169'' returned to Kure on 3 January 1943.

Aleutians campaign

''I-169'' spent the first half of 1943 involved in the Aleutian Islands campaign, which had begun in mid-1942. On 15 January 1943, she left Kure to carry supplies to the Japanese garrison on Kiska in the Aleutian Islands. After her return to Kure, she was assigned to the 5th Fleet for the duration of the Aleutians campaign. She departed Kure on 15 February 1943 for another trip to Kiska, this time carrying Japanese soldiers as well as a Type A midget submarine and its torpedoes. She reached Kiska on 26 February 1943, discharged her passengers and cargo, and began her return voyage to Kure on 27 February 1943. During the trip, she sighted a U.S. Navy cruiser escorted by a destroyer on 28 February 1943, and the destroyer mounted a depth-charge attack against her.

After refueling from the oiler on 20 and 21 March 1943, ''I-169'' departed Paramushiro in the Kurile Islands on 22 March 1943 to patrol in the Bering Sea in the vicinity of as part of a submarine patrol line. After an uneventful patrol there, she returned to Japan, arriving at Yokosuka for an overhaul on 9 April 1943. During April 1943, she became part of Submarine Squadron 1 — along with the submarines , , , , , ''I-168'' and ''I-171'' — in the 5th Fleet's Northern District Force, and the squadron was tasked with reinforcing and resupplying Japanese garrisons in the Aleutian Islands.

The Battle of Attu began on 11 May 1943 with U.S. landings on Attu Island. On 21 May 1943, with the situation on Attu deteriorating, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters decided to evacuate the isolated garrison on Kiska. On 24 May 1943, ''I-169'' set out from Yokosuka bound for Kiska with a cargo of 1,440 rifles with ammunition and 2 tons of food. En route, she was ordered to join ''I-171'' and ''I-175'' in forming a scouting line in the vicinity of Attu. On 30 May 1943, combat operations on Attu ended with the annihilation of the Japanese garrison. ''I-169'' conducted a reconnaissance of Kuluk Bay on the northeastern coast of Adak Island on 5 June 1943, and on 9 June 1943 arrived at Kiska and discharged her cargo. Embarking 60 passengers, she departed Kiska on 10 June 1943. She survived an attack by a radar-equipped destroyer that opened fire on her with guns while she was on the surface charging her batteries and arrived safely at Paramushiro on 14 June 1943. On 14–15 June 1943 she took aboard cargo from the auxiliary submarine tender and refueled from ''Teiyō Maru''.

In late June 1943, ''I-169'' set out from Paramushiro again on another supply run to Kiska, refueling from ''Teiyō Maru'' on 27 June 1943. She and the submarine received orders on 17 July 1943 to shell Amchitka Army Airfield at Constantine Harbor on Amchitka, but the order was canceled nine hours later. On 22 July 1943, she made a sound contact on Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen′s Task Group 16.21. She transmitted a contact report which the submarine ''I-2'' received, but dense fog prevented ''I-169'' from attacking Giffen's ships.

On 28 July 1943, the last Japanese troops were evacuated from Kiska. Allied forces did not detect the evacuation and launched a full-scale invasion of unoccupied Kiska in Operation Cottage on 15 August 1943, but Japanese involvement in the Aleutians campaign had ended with the 28 July evacuation. On 10 August 1943, ''I-169'' arrived at Kure for an overhaul.

Operations from Truk

With her overhaul complete, ''I-169'' got underway from Kure on 25 September 1943 bound for Truk, which she reached on 3 October 1943. She departed Truk on 14 October 1943 and while at sea was ordered to join the submarines , , and ''I-175'' in attacking a large westbound Allied convoy that the submarine had sighted south of the Hawaiian Islands.

On 19 November 1943, ''I-169'' was on patrol in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands when she, ''I-19'', ''I-35'', , and ''I-175'' received orders to proceed to Tarawa Atoll