January 2011 Crimes

January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.

Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

History

January (in Latin, '' Ianuarius'') is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in Roman mythology.

Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers differ). In contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15 until 153 BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1.

Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called ''Circumcision Style'' because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25.

Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term ''Wulf-monath'' (meaning "wolf month") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth ("winter / cold month"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called ''prosinec''. The name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.

According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153 BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).

January symbols

* January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents constancy.
* Its birth flower is the cottage pink '' Dianthus caryophyllus'' or galanthus as well as the traditional carnation.
*The Japanese floral emblem of January is the camellia (''Camellia sinensis'').
*In Finnish, the month of ''tammikuu'' means the heart of the winter and because the name literally means " oak moon", it can be inferred that the oak tree is the heart of the grand forest with many valuable trees as opposed to the typical Arctic forests, which are typically pine and spruce. The photograph of a large tree covered with ice against a blue sky is a familiar scene during Finland's winter.
*The zodiac signs for the month of January are Capricorn (until January 19) and Aquarius (January 20 onwards).
*The name of the full moon occurring in January is the wolf moon.

January observances

''This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.''

Month-long observances

* Alzheimer's Awareness Month ( Canada)
* Dry January ( United Kingdom)
*National Codependency Awareness Month ( United States)
* National Mentoring Month ( United States)
*National Healthy Weight Awareness Month ( United States)
*Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month ( United States)
*Stalking Awareness Month ( United States)
*Veganuary

Food months in the United States

''This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.''
* Be Kind to Food Servers Month (by proclamation, State of Tennessee)
* California Dried Plum Digestive Health Month
* Hot Tea Month
* National Soup Month
* Oatmeal Month

Non-Gregorian observances, 2021 dates

''All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown on the date in question.''
*List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar
*List of observances set by the Chinese calendar
* List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar
* List of observances set by the Islamic calendar
* List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar

Moveable observances

''This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.''
*See: List of movable Western Christian observances
*See: List of movable Eastern Christian observances
January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which case January 3: January 2
*New Year Holiday (Scotland)
First Friday
* Children's Day ( Bahamas)
Second Saturday
* Children's Day ( Thailand)
Second Monday
* Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos ( Puerto Rico, United States)
* Coming of Age Day (Japan)
Friday before third Monday
* Lee–Jackson Day ( Virginia, United States)
Third Friday
*International Fetish Day
Sunday closest to January 22
* National Sanctity of Human Life Day ( United States)
Third full week of January
*Hunt for Happiness Week ( International observance)
*National Non-Smoking Week ( Canada)
Last full week of January
*National School Choice Week ( United States)
Third Monday
* Martin Luther King, Jr. Day ( United States)
**Idaho Human Rights Day ( Idaho, United States)
Wednesday of the third full week of January
* Weedless Wednesday ( Canada)
Friday between January 19–25
* Husband's Day ( Iceland)
Last Saturday
* National Seed Swap Day ( United States)
Last Sunday
* Liberation of Auschwitz Memorial Day ( Netherlands)
January 30 or the nearest Sunday
* World Leprosy Day
Last Monday in January
* Bubble Wrap Appreciation Day
Fourth Monday
* Community Manager Appreciation Day ( International observance)
* National Heroes' Day (Cayman Islands)
Monday Closest to January 29
* Auckland Anniversary Day

Fixed observances

*December 25 – January 5: Twelve Days of Christmas ( Western Christianity)
*December 26 – January 1: Kwanzaa (African Americans)
*December 31 – January 1, in some cases until January 2: Hogmanay ( Scotland)
* January 1
** Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
*** Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus (Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church)
***Feast of Fools (Medieval Europe)
**Constitution Day (Italy)
**Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:
***Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia)
***Restoration Day of the Independent Czech State (Czech Republic)
**History of the euro, Euro Day (European Union)
**Flag Day (Lithuania)
**Founding Day (Taiwan)
**Global Family Day
**List of national independence days, Independence Day (Brunei, Cameroon, Haiti, Sudan)
**International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day
**Jump-up Day (Montserrat, British Overseas Territories)
**Kalpataru Day (Ramakrishna Movement)
**List of food days#January, National Bloody Mary Day ( United States)
**Arbor Day, National Tree Planting Day (Tanzania)
**New Year's Day
***Japanese New Year
***Novy God Day (Russia)
***Okinawan festivals and observances, Sjoogwachi (Okinawa Islands)
**Polar bear plunge, Polar Bear Swim Day ( Canada and United States)
**Public Domain Day (multiple countries)
**Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic Church)
***World Day of Peace
**Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)
*January 2
**Ancestry Day (Haiti)
**Berchtoldstag, Berchtold's Day (Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and the Alsace)
**Carnival, Carnival Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Happy Mew Year For Cats Day (Thomas Roy)
**Kakizome (Japan)
**List of food days#January, National Creampuff Day ( United States)
**National Science Fiction Day ( United States)
**The second day of New Year (a holiday in Armenia, Kazakhstan, North Macedonia, Culture of Mauritius, Mauritius, Montenegro, Public holidays in New Zealand, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine)
**Public holidays in Bhutan#Winter solstice, Nyinlong (Bhutan)
**Victory of Armed Forces Day (Cuba)
*January 3
**Public holidays in Burkina Faso, Anniversary of the 1966 Coup d’état (Burkina Faso)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Memento Mori (Thomas Roy)
**Public holidays in Armenia, Nakhatsenendyan toner (Armenia): January 3–5
**Public holidays in Indonesia, Ministry of Religious Affairs Day (Indonesia)
**List of food days#January, National Chocolate Covered Cherry Day ( United States)
**Tamaseseri Festival (Hakozaki Shrine, Fukuoka, Japan)
*January 4
**Day of the Fallen against the Colonial Repression (Angola)
**Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Dimpled Chad Day (Thomas Roy)
**Okinawan festivals and observances, Hwinukan mukee (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
**Independence Day (Myanmar)
**Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, Ogoni Day (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)
**World Health Observances, World Braille Day
*January 5
**National Bird Day (United States)
**List of food days#January, National Whipped Cream Day ( United States)
**List of food days#United Kingdom, Sausage Day ( United Kingdom)
**List of food days#Japan, Strawberry day (Japan)
**Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day (Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, Australia)
**Serbian Christmas traditions#Tucindan, Tucindan (Serbia, Montenegro)
*January 6
**Armed Forces Day (Iraq)
**Epiphany (holiday), Epiphany or Three Kings' Day ( Western Christianity) or Theophany (Eastern Christianity), and its related observances:
***Befana Day (Italy)
***Christmas#Using the Julian calendar, Christmas (Armenian Apostolic Church)
***Christmas in Russia, Christmas Eve (Russia)
***Christmas in Ukraine, Christmas Eve (Ukraine)
***Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Christmas Eve (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
***Public holidays in North Macedonia, Christmas Eve (North Macedonia)
***Little Christmas (Gaelic calendar, Ireland)
***Þrettándinn ( Iceland)
***Biblical Magi#Traditions of the Epiphany, Three Wise Men Day
**Pathet Lao Day (Laos)
*January 7
**Christmas (Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches using the Julian Calendar, Rastafari#Grounding, Rastafari)
***Christmas in Russia
***Christmas in Ukraine
***Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Christmas (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
***Public holidays in Armenia, Remembrance Day of the Dead (Armenia)
**Distaff Day (Medieval Europe)
**Nanakusa no sekku (Japan)
**Public holidays in Liberia, Pioneer's Day (Liberia)
**Flag of Italy, Tricolour day (Italy)
**Public holidays in Cambodia, Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
*January 8
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Show and Tell Day at Work (Thomas Roy)
**The Eighth (United States) (defunct observance)
**Typing Day (international observance)
*January 9
**Start of Hōonkō, Hōonkō (Nishi Honganji) January 9–16 (Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism)
**Martyrs' Day (Panama)
**List of food days#January, National Cassoulet Day ( United States)
**Non-Resident Indian Day (India)
**Republic Day (Republika Srpska) (defunct, declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
**St. Stephen's Day (Eastern Orthodox)
*January 10
**Fête du Vodoun (Benin)
**Public holidays in the Bahamas, Majority Rule Day ( Bahamas)
*January 11
** Children's Day (Tunisia)
**Eugenio María de Hostos Day ( Puerto Rico)
**German Apples Day (Germany)
**Public holidays in Morocco, Independence Manifesto Day (Morocco)
**Kagami biraki (Japan)
**List of awareness days#January, National Human Trafficking Awareness Day ( United States)
**Republic Day (Albania)
*January 12
**Memorial Day (Turkmenistan)
**International Duties Memorial Day, Prosecutor General's Day (Russia)
**National Youth Day (India)
**Zanzibar Revolution Day (Tanzania)
*January 13
**Constitution Day (Mongolia)
**Democracy Day (Cape Verde)
**Liberation Day (Togo)
**Old New Year's Eve (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, North Macedonia), and its related observances:
***Malanka (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus)
**St. Knut's Day (Sweden and Finland)
**Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( United States)
*January 14
**Azhyrnykhua (Abkhazia)
**Public holidays in Uzbekistan, Day of Defenders of the Motherland (Uzbekistan)
**Feast of Divina Pastora (Barquisimeto)
**Feast of the Ass (Medieval Christianity)
**Flag Day (Georgia)
**National Forest Conservation Day ( Thailand)
**Ratification Day (United States)
**Public holidays in Tunisia, Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
**Yennayer (Berbers)
*January 15
**Arbor Day (Egypt)
**Armed Forces Day (Nigeria)
**Indian Army Day (India)
**John Chilembwe Day (Malawi)
**Korean Alphabet Day (North Korea)
**Sagichō at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū (Kamakura, Japan)
**Teacher's Day (Venezuela)
**List of unofficial observances by date, Wikipedia Day (international observance)
*January 16
**National Nothing Day (Thomas Roy)
**National Religious Freedom Day ( United States)
**Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Coptic Church)
**Teacher's Day (Myanmar)
**Teachers' Day (Thailand)
**Okinawan festivals and observances, Zuuruku Nichi (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
**Thiruvalluvar#Memorials, Thiruvalluvar Day (Tamil Nadu, India)
*January 17
**Hardware Freedom Day (international observance)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Judgement Day
**Menorca#Middle Ages, National Day (Menorca)
**The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival, celebrated until Clean Monday (Patras)
*January 18
**Public holidays in Tunisia, Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
**Royal Thai Armed Forces Day (Thailand)
**Week of Prayer for Christian Unity (January 18–25) (Christianity)
*January 19
**Confederate Memorial Day, Confederate Heroes Day (Texas), and its related observance:
***Robert E. Lee Day (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia and Mississippi)
***Lee–Jackson–King Day ( Virginia, United States, defunct)
** Husband's Day ( Iceland)
**Kokborok Day (Tripura, India)
**List of food days#January, National Popcorn Day (United States)
**Theophany / Epiphany (holiday), Epiphany (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy), and its related observances:
***Timkat, (on 20th during Leap Year) (Ethiopian Orthodox)
***''Vodici'' or Baptism of Jesus (North Macedonia)
*January 20
**Public holidays in Mali, Armed Forces Day (Mali)
**List of food days#January, Cheese Day (United States)
**Public holidays in Cape Verde, Heroes' Day (Cape Verde)
**Inauguration Day, held every four years in odd-numbered years, except when January 20 falls on a Sunday (United States)
**Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
*January 21
**Babinden (Bulgaria, Serbia)
**Flag flying days in Norway, Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alexandra (Norway)
**Errol Barrow Day (Barbados)
**Flag Day (Quebec)
**National Grandparents Day#Poland, Grandmother's Day (Poland)
**Día de la Altagracia, Lady of Altagracia Day (Dominican Republic)
**Lincoln Alexander, Lincoln Alexander Day ( Canada)
**National Hug Day (United States)
*January 22
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Answer Your Cat's Question Day
**Act Zluky, Day of Unity of Ukraine (Ukraine)
**Public holidays in Poland, Grandfather's Day (Poland)
**List of food days#January, National Hot Sauce Day (United States)
*January 23
**Bounty Day (Pitcairn Island)
**Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic Church)
**American Pie Council#National Pie Day, National Pie Day (United States)
**Public holidays in India#Secular holidays, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Jayanti (Orissa, India, Orissa, Tripura, and West Bengal, India)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, Snow Plow Mailbox Hockey Day
**World Freedom Day (Taiwan and South Korea)
*January 24
**Feast of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:
***''Feria de Alasitas'' (La Paz)
**List of awareness days#January, Moebius Syndrome Awareness Day (international observance)
**American Pie Council#National Pie Day, National Peanut Butter Day (United States)
**Public holidays in Romania, Unification Day (Romania)
*January 25
**Public holidays in Egypt, 2011 Revolution Day (Egypt)
**Thomas Roy#List of days, A Room of One's Own Day
**Burns night (Scotland, Scottish people, Scottish community)
**Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)
**Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches, which concludes the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity)
**National Police Day (Egypt)
**National Voters' Day (India)
**Tatiana Day (Russia, Eastern Orthodox)
*January 26
**Australia Day (Australia)
**Juan Pablo Duarte, Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)
**Engineer's Day (Panama)
**List of awareness days, International Customs Day
**Liberation Day (Uganda)
**Republic Day (India)
*January 27
**Days of Military Honour, Day of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad (Russia)
**Auschwitz concentration camp, Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:
***Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)
***Holocaust Memorial Days, Holocaust Remembrance Day (Sweden)
***International Holocaust Remembrance Day
***Memorial Day (Italy)
***Holocaust Memorial Days, Memorial Day for the Victims of the Holocaust and Prevention of Crimes against Humanity (Czech Republic)
***Holocaust Memorial Days, Memorial Day for the Victims of National Socialism (Germany)
***Holocaust Memorial Days, National Holocaust Memorial Day (Greece)
**List of awareness days#January, Family Literacy Day (Canada)
**Public holidays in Serbia, Feast of Saint Slava (Serbia)
**List of food days#January, National Chocolate Cake Day (United States)
**Public holidays in Monaco, Saint Devota's Day (Monaco)
*January 28
**Public holidays in Armenia, Army Day (Armenia)
**Data Privacy Day (international observance)
*January 29
**Kansas Day (Kansas, United States)
*January 30
**Public holidays in Azerbaijan, Day of Azerbaijani customs (Azerbaijan)
**Saudade, Day of ''Saudade'' (Brazil)
**Fred Korematsu Day (California, United States)
**Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi-related observances:
***Martyrs' Day (India)
***School Day of Non-violence and Peace (Spain)
***Start of the Season for Nonviolence January 30 – April 4
**Thomas Roy#List of days, National Inane Answering Message Day ( United States)
**Teacher's Day (Greece)
*January 31
**Amartithi (Meherabad, India, followers of Meher Baba)
**Independence Day (Nauru)
**Me-Dam-Me-Phi (Ahom people, Ahom people)
**Jugend Eine Welt, Street Children's Day (Austria)

References

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