Laura Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 May 21, 1935) was an American
settlement activist,
reformer
A reformer is someone who works for reform.
Reformer may also refer to:
*Catalytic reformer, in an oil refinery
*Methane reformer, producing hydrogen
* Steam reformer
*Hydrogen reformer, extracting hydrogen
*Methanol reformer, producing hydrogen ...
,
social worker
Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social wo ...
,
sociologist,
public administrator, and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and
women's suffrage in the United States
In the 1700's to early 1800's New Jersey did allow Women the right to vote before the passing of the 19th Amendment, but in 1807 the state restricted the right to vote to "...tax-paying, white male citizens..."
Women's legal right to vote w ...
. Addams co-founded Chicago's
Hull House
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of the city, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Char ...
, one of America's most famous
settlement house
The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in United Kingdom and the United States. Its goal was to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and s ...
s, providing extensive social services to poor, largely immigrant families. In 1910, Addams was awarded an honorary master of arts degree from
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Sta ...
, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school. In 1920, she was a co-founder of the
American Civil Liberties Union
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1920 "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States". ...
(ACLU).
An advocate for
world peace
World peace, or peace on Earth, is the concept of an ideal state of peace within and among all people and nations on Planet Earth. Different cultures, religions, philosophies, and organizations have varying concepts on how such a state wou ...
and recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States, in 1931 Addams became the first American woman to be awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiolog ...
. She was a radical
pragmatist and arguably the first woman "public philosopher" in the United States. In the
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era (late 1890s – late 1910s) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. The main themes ended during Am ...
, when presidents such as
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
and
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of P ...
identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers. She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere. When Addams died in 1935, she was the best-known female public figure in the United States.
Early life
Born in
Cedarville, Illinois,
Jane Addams was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of
English-American descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania.
[Linn, James Weber. ''Jane Addams: A Biography'',]
Google Books
, University of Illinois Press: 2000, p. 4, (). Retrieved August 20, 2007. By the time Addams was eight, four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at age 16. In 1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, Sarah Addams (
née
A birth name is the name of a person given upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth ...
Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams was cared for mostly by her older sisters.
[Fox, Richard Wrightman and Kloppenberg, James T. ''A Companion to American Thought'',]
Google Books
, Blackwell Publishing: 1995, p. 14, (). Retrieved August 20, 2007.
Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and attending
Sunday school
A Sunday school is an educational institution, usually (but not always) Christian in character. Other religions including Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism have also organised Sunday schools in their temples and mosques, particularly in the West.
S ...
. When she was four she contracted
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in w ...
of the spine, known as
Potts's disease, which caused a curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it complicated as a child to function with the other children, considering she had a limp and could not run as well. As a child, she thought she was ugly and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him.
Jane Addams adored her father,
John H. Addams, when she was a child, as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, ''Twenty Years at Hull House'' (1910).
He was a founding member of the Illinois
Republican Party
Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party.
Republican Party may also refer to:
Africa
*Republican Party (Liberia)
* Republican Part ...
, served as an
Illinois State Senator
The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber of the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the State of Illinois in the United States. The body was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. Under the ...
(1855–70), and supported his friend
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...
in his candidacies for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). He kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and Addams loved to look at it as a child. Her father was an agricultural businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills and a wool factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank of Freeport. He remarried in 1868 when Addams was eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport.
During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful in the world. As a voracious reader, she became interested in the poor from her reading of
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...
. Inspired by his works and by her own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor.
Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to home. She was eager to attend the new college for women,
Smith College
Smith College is a private liberal arts women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts. It was chartered in 1871 by Sophia Smith and opened in 1875. It is the largest member of the historic Seven Sisters colleges, a group of elite women's c ...
in Massachusetts; but her father required her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now
Rockford University), in
Rockford, Illinois.
Whilst at Rockford, her readings of
Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy.
Born in Ecclefechan, ...
,
John Ruskin
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was an English writer, philosopher, art critic and polymath of the Victorian era. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and po ...
,
Leo Tolstoy
Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...
and others became significant influences. After graduating from Rockford in 1881,
with a collegiate certificate and membership in
Phi Beta Kappa
The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal a ...
, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer, her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of
appendicitis
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms commonly include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, approximately 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. Severe complications of a r ...
. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to $ in 2016).
That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universit ...
. Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania,
but Jane's health problems, a spinal operation
and a
nervous breakdown
A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitt ...
prevented her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.
The following fall her brother-in-law Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor.
Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary,
Ellen Gates Starr
Ellen Gates Starr (March 19, 1859 – February 10, 1940) was an American social reformer and activist. With Jane Addams, she founded Chicago's Hull House, an adult education center, in 1889; the settlement house expanded to 13 buildings in ...
, mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.
Her nephew was
James Weber Linn
James Weber Linn (May 11, 1876 in Winnebago, Illinois – July 16, 1939) was an American educator, writer, and politician.
He graduated from University of Chicago in 1897. Linn then taught English at the University of Chicago. He wrote several bo ...
(1876–1939) who taught English at the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...
and served in the
Illinois General Assembly
The Illinois General Assembly is the legislature of the U.S. state of Illinois. It has two chambers, the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate. The General Assembly was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1 ...
. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.
Settlement house
Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book ''
My Religion'', she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church, in the summer of 1886. Reading
Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini (, , ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the i ...
's ''Duties of Man'', she began to be inspired by the idea of
democracy
Democracy (From grc, δημοκρατία, dēmokratía, ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which people, the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choo ...
as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman.
John Stuart Mill's ''
The Subjection of Women'' made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family.
In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a
settlement house
The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in United Kingdom and the United States. Its goal was to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and s ...
. She decided to visit the world's first,
Toynbee Hall, in
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
. She and several friends, including
Ellen Gates Starr
Ellen Gates Starr (March 19, 1859 – February 10, 1940) was an American social reformer and activist. With Jane Addams, she founded Chicago's Hull House, an adult education center, in 1889; the settlement house expanded to 13 buildings in ...
, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. After watching a
bullfight in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), an ...
, fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls. At first, Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement house; but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream. Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house.
Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy. Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution.
The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.
Hull House
In 1889 Addams and her college friend and paramour
Ellen Gates Starr
Ellen Gates Starr (March 19, 1859 – February 10, 1940) was an American social reformer and activist. With Jane Addams, she founded Chicago's Hull House, an adult education center, in 1889; the settlement house expanded to 13 buildings in ...
co-founded
Hull House
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of the city, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Char ...
, a
settlement house
The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in United Kingdom and the United States. Its goal was to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and s ...
in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. A number of wealthy women became important long-term donors to the House, including
Helen Culver
Helen Culver (1832–1925) was a successful real estate developer and philanthropist. She owned Hull House and rented it to Jane Addams, before later giving the property to Addams along with hundreds of thousands of dollars of donations, contr ...
, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-free. Other contributors were
Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, and others.
Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height, Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Among the aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young people contact with the real life of the majority of the population.
Residents of Hull House conducted investigations on housing,
midwifery, fatigue, tuberculosis,
typhoid
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several ...
, garbage collection, cocaine, and
truancy
Truancy is any intentional, unjustified, unauthorised, or illegal absence from compulsory education. It is a deliberate absence by a student's own free will (though sometimes adults or parents will allow and/or ignore it) and usually does not refe ...
. The core Hull House residents were well-educated women bound together by their commitment to labour unions, the
National Consumers League
The National Consumers League, founded in 1899, is an American consumer organization. The National Consumers League is a private, nonprofit advocacy group representing consumers on marketplace and workplace issues. The NCL provides government, b ...
and the
suffrage movement
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
.
Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice joined Hull House to provide medical treatment for poor families. Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an
art gallery, a
gym, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a
book bindery, a
music school
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger in ...
, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.
Her adult night school was a forerunner of the
continuing education
Continuing education (similar to further education in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is an all-encompassing term within a broad list of post-secondary learning activities and programs. The term is used mainly in the United States and Canada.
...
classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as
Bowen Country Club
Bowen Park is a recreational area in Waukegan, Illinois, along Sheridan Road. It includes an old-growth forest and a ravine. The park was laid out as a residential property in 1843. It was the home of John Charles Haines, a prominent Illinois po ...
).
One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and
interculturalism.
With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the
Chicago Public Library
The Chicago Public Library (CPL) is the public library system that serves the City of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois. It consists of 81 locations, including a central library, two regional libraries, and branches distributed throughout the ...
, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.
Near west side neighborhood
The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) ... The Greek delta formed by Harrison,
Halsted Street, and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the French Canadians to the northwest."
[Hull House Museum] Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood ... from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as
Little Italy.
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Greek Cypriots, Cyprus, Greeks in Albania, Albania, Greeks in Italy, ...
and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate demise of Hull House proper in 1963.
Hull House became America's best known settlement house. Addams used it to generate system-directed change, on the principle that to keep families safe, community and societal conditions had to be improved. The neighborhood was controlled by local political bosses.
Ethics
Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines." Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, including
William Lyon Mackenzie King
William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian statesman and politician who served as the tenth prime minister of Canada for three non-consecutive terms from 1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948. A L ...
, a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s
Julia Lathrop,
Florence Kelley, and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new
Progressive Party and supported the presidential campaign of
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
.
"Addams' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological."
Emphasis on children
Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground, all within a free-speech atmosphere. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation, collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws.
Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 Jane Addams founded what would become the
Juvenile Protective Association. JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and prostitution in Chicago and their effects on child development. Through the years, their mission has now become improving the social and emotional well being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, and in their communities.
Documenting social illnesses
Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the brunt of the illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking environmental justice and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices. Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the keeping them apart." Addams worked with the
Chicago Board of Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.
Emphasis on prostitution
In 1912, Addams published ''A New Conscience and Ancient Evil'', about prostitution. This book was extremely popular. Addams believed that prostitution was a result of kidnapping only. Her book later inspired
Stella Wynne Herron Stella Wynne Herron (April 5, 1885 – March 1, 1966) was an American writer and suffragist whose work appeared in a variety of magazines, including Collier's, Sunset, and Weird Tales. She is most known for her 1916 short story "Shoes", which pionee ...
's 1916 short story ''Shoes'', which
Lois Weber adapted into a groundbreaking
1916 film of the same name.
Feminine ideals
Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the
Efficiency Movement, a major movement in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices. However, over time, the focus changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull House became more than a proving ground for the new generation of college-educated, professional women: it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.
Addams called on women, especially middle class women with leisure time and energy as well as rich philanthropists, to exercise their civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty to include roles for women beyond motherhood (which involved child rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation", which represented the source of women's power. This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined and gave added weight to the women's suffrage movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, were trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of Chicago's 19th Ward. With the help of the Hull House Women's Club, within a year over 1,000 health department violations were reported to city council and garbage collection reduced death and disease.
Addams had long discussions with philosopher
John Dewey
John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the f ...
in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights. The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with
efficiency were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support of trade unions and second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society.
Addams's construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes, ''Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1910) and ''The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House'' (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed. In ''A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil'' (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working class women in American industrial centers from 1890–1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work", in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull House, as if they were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation", identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.
Teaching
Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the country, especially at college campuses. In addition, she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...
. She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it, including an offer from
Albion Small
Albion Woodbury Small (May 11, 1854 – March 24, 1926) founded the first independent Department of Sociology in the United States at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1892. He was influential in the establishment of sociology as ...
, chair of the Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she wanted no university controls over her political activism.
Addams was a charter member of the
American Sociological Society, founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in 1912, 1915, and 1919. She was the most prominent woman member during her lifetime.
Works
''The Long Road of Woman's Memory'', The Macmillan Company, 1916.
Relationships
Generally, Addams was close to a wide set of other women and was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Hull House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her life Addams did have romantic relationships with a few of these women, including
Mary Rozet Smith and
Ellen Starr. Her relationships offered her the time and energy to pursue her social work while being supported emotionally and romantically. From her exclusively romantic relationships with women, she would most likely be described as a
lesbian in contemporary terms, similar to many leading figures in the
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom of the time.
Her first romantic partner was
Ellen Starr, with whom she founded
Hull House
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of the city, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Char ...
, who she met when both were students at Rockford Female Seminary. In 1889, the two visited Toynbee Hall together and started their settlement house project, purchasing a house in Chicago.
Her second romantic partner was
Mary Rozet Smith, who was wealthy and supported Addams's work at Hull House, and with whom she shared a house. Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that Jane was in love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and concluded that they shared the intimacy of a married couple. They remained together until 1934, when Mary died of pneumonia, after 40 years together.
It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams' personal life".
Together they owned a summer house in
Bar Harbor, Maine
Bar Harbor is a resort town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine
Maine () is a U.S. state, state in the New England and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the wes ...
. When apart, they would write to each other at least once a day – sometimes twice. Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til death".
The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple: "There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping together", Addams wrote to Smith.
Religion and religious motives
Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience. She saw her settlement work as part of the "
social Christian" movement. Addams learned about social Christianity from the co-founders of
Toynbee Hall, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity, but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love".
According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.
According to Joslin (2004), "The new humanism, as
ddamsinterprets it comes from a secular, and not a religious, pattern of belief".
According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House
o-founded by Addams were secular."
Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull House, stated that Addams firmly believed in religious freedom and bringing people of all faiths into the social, secular fold of Hull House. The one exception, she notes, was the annual Christmas Party, although Addams left the religious side to the church.
Politics
Peace movement
In 1898, Addams joined the
Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
. A staunch supporter of the
Progressive Party, she nominated
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
for the presidency during the
Party Convention
The terms party conference ( UK English), political convention ( US and Canadian English), and party congress usually refer to a general meeting of a political party. The conference is attended by certain delegates who represent the party mem ...
, held in Chicago in August 1912. She signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building more
battleships. She went on to speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign.
In January 1915, she became involved in the
Woman's Peace Party and was elected national chairman.
Addams was invited by
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
an women peace activists to preside over the
International Congress of Women in The Hague, April 28–30, 1915,
and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war. Addams, along with co-delegates
Emily Balch and
Alice Hamilton, documented their experiences of this venture, published as a book, ''Women at The Hague'' (
University of Illinois
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Unive ...
).
In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April 1915):
Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement.
Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in
Zurich,
Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).
Addams continued as president, a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia.
In 1917, she also became a member of the
Fellowship of Reconciliation
The Fellowship of Reconciliation (FoR or FOR) is the name used by a number of religious nonviolent organizations, particularly in English-speaking countries. They are linked by affiliation to the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR). ...
USA (American branch of the
International Fellowship of Reconciliation founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933. When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at
Carnegie Hall received negative coverage by newspapers such as ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', which branded her as unpatriotic. Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiolog ...
to Addams in 1931. As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy." She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
Pacifism
Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist
Leo Tolstoy
Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...
and by the pragmatism of philosophers
John Dewey
John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the f ...
and
George Herbert Mead. She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the
Spanish–American War
, partof = the Philippine Revolution, the decolonization of the Americas, and the Cuban War of Independence
, image = Collage infobox for Spanish-American War.jpg
, image_size = 300px
, caption = (cl ...
. Her book ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like
Alice Hamilton,
Lillian Wald,
Florence Kelley, and
Emily Greene Balch to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.
In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague. These conferences produced
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands. Along with the Geneva Conventions, the Hague Conventions were ...
. A 1914 conference was canceled due to
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by
Women at the Hague
Women at the Hague was an International Congress of Women conference held at The Hague, Netherlands in April 1915. It had over 1,100 delegates and it established an International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) with Jane Addams as ...
. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of
Women at the Hague
Women at the Hague was an International Congress of Women conference held at The Hague, Netherlands in April 1915. It had over 1,100 delegates and it established an International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) with Jane Addams as ...
, which included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral countries. Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices. The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war's end. Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Addams was opposed to U.S.
interventionism and
expansionism
Expansionism refers to states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.
In the classical age of conquest moral justification for territorial expansion at the direct expense of another established polity (who o ...
and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad. In 1915, she gave a speech at
Carnegie Hall and was booed offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
. Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
(1917–18).
Oswald Garrison Villard came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what abuse did not the
ew York''Times'' cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across
No Man's Land. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of
Sir Philip Gibbs and others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming." Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the
American Legion, supported by some members of the
Daughters of the American Revolution
The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States' efforts towards independence.
A non-profit group, they promot ...
(DAR) and the
League of Women Voters, were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization. The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; ; July 4, 1872January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Born in Vermont, Coolidge was a Republican lawyer from New England who climbed up the ladder of Ma ...
and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit
poison gas and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era (late 1890s – late 1910s) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. The main themes ended during Am ...
. In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim.
Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace. Peace theorists often distinguish between negative and positive peace. Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane Addams's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term ''Peaceweaving''. They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's ''peaceweaving'' is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable"
Prohibition
While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of the eighteenth amendment", she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of alcohol.'"
Death
While Addams was often troubled by health problems in her youth and throughout her life, her health began to take a more serious decline after she suffered a
heart attack
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which m ...
in 1926.
She died on May 21, 1935, at the age of 74, in Chicago and is buried
in her hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.
Legacy
Jane Addams is buried at
Cedarville Cemetery, Cedarville, Illinois.
Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social, political and economic reform in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
, as well as internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house, Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social work.
Willard Motley, a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller,''
Knock on Any Door''. His novel later became a well known court-room film in 1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with Jane Addams.
Addams's role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood. Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time period. Before Addams's powerful influence on the profession, social work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and, through systematic assessment and intervention, aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building, thereby introducing the now-central tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work.
Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first
juvenile court law, tenement-house regulation, an
eight-hour working day
The eight-hour day movement (also known as the 40-hour week movement or the short-time movement) was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses.
An eight-hour work day has its origins in the 1 ...
for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation. She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and she supported women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority groups by becoming a chartered member of the
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
. Among the projects that the members of Hull House opened were the Immigrants' Protective League, the
Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a juvenile psychopathic clinic.
Addams's influential writings and speeches, on behalf of the formation of the
League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide Intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by ...
and as a peace advocate, influenced the later shape of the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizi ...
.
Jane Addams also sponsored the work of
Neva Boyd, who founded the Recreational Training School at Hull House, a one-year educational program in group games, gymnastics, dancing, dramatic arts, play theory, and social problems. At Hull House, Neva Boyd ran movement and recreational groups for children, using games and improvisation to teach language skills, problem-solving, self-confidence and social skills. During the
Great Depression, Boyd worked with the Recreational Project in the
Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, in ...
, (WPA) as The Chicago Training School for Playground Workers, which subsequently became the foundation for the
Recreational Therapy and Educational Drama movements in the U.S. One of her best known disciples,
Viola Spolin taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull House during the WPA era. Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the
improvisational theater movement in the US and the inventor of
Theater Games.
The main legacy left by Jane Addams includes her involvement in the creation of the
Hull House
Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of the city, Hull House (named after the original house's first owner Char ...
, impacting communities and the whole social structure, reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes of bettering the educational system, and passing on her knowledge to others through speeches and books. She paved the way for women by publishing several books and co-winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 with Starr.
The
Addams neighborhood and elementary school in
Long Beach, California
Long Beach is a city in Los Angeles County, California. It is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 466,742 as of 2020. A charter city, Long Beach is the seventh-most populous city in California.
Incorporate ...
are named for her.
Sociology
Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of sociology as a field in the United States.
[Deegan, M. J. (1988). ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918.'' New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books.] Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early members of the
Chicago School of Sociology. She actively contributed to the sociology academic literature, publishing five articles in the ''
American Journal of Sociology
The ''American Journal of Sociology'' is a Peer review, peer-reviewed bi-monthly academic journal that publishes original research and book reviews in the field of sociology and related social sciences. It was founded in 1895 as the first journal ...
'' between 1896 and 1914. Her influence, through her work in applied sociology, impacted the thought and direction of the Chicago School of Sociology's members.
In 1893, she co-authored the compilation of essays written by Hull House residents and workers titled, ''Hull-House Maps and Papers''. These ideas helped shape and define the interests and methodologies of the Chicago School. She worked with American philosopher George H. Mead and
John Dewey
John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the f ...
on social reform issues, including promoting women's rights, ending child labor, and mediating during the
1910 Garment Workers' Strike. This strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt with women workers, ethnicity, and working conditions. All of these subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in society.
The University of Chicago Sociology department was established in 1892, three years after Hull House was established (1889). Members of Hull House welcomed the first group of professors, who soon were "intimately involved with Hull House" and assiduously engaged with applied social reform and philanthropy". In 1893, for example, faculty (Vincent, Small and Bennis) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull House resident
Florence Kelley to pass legislation "banning sweat shops and employment of children"
Albion Small
Albion Woodbury Small (May 11, 1854 – March 24, 1926) founded the first independent Department of Sociology in the United States at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1892. He was influential in the establishment of sociology as ...
, chair of the Chicago Department of Sociology and founder of the ''American Journal of Sociology'', called for a sociology that was active "in the work of perfecting and applying plans and devices for social improvement and amelioration", which took place in the "vast sociological laboratory" that was 19th-century Chicago. Although untenured, women residents of Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department. During and after
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, the focus of the Chicago Sociology Department shifted away from social activism toward a more positivist orientation. Social activism was also associated with Communism and a "weaker" woman's work orientation. In response to this change, women sociologists in the department "were moved inmasse out of sociology and into social work" in 1920. The contributions of Jane Addams and other Hull House residents were buried in history.
Mary Jo Deegan, in her 1988 book ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918'' was the first person to recover Addams influence on Sociology. Deegan's work has led to recognition of Addams's place in sociology. In a 2001 address, for example, Joe Feagin, then president of the American Sociology Association, identified Addams as a "key founder" and he called for sociology to again claim its activist roots and commitment to social justice.
Remembrances
On December 10, 2007, Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams Day. Jane Addams Day was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from Dongola, Illinois, assisted by the Illinois Division of the
American Association of University Women (AAUW). Chicago activist
Jan Lisa Huttner traveled throughout Illinois as Director of International Relations for AAUW-Illinois to help publicize the date, and later gave annual presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams. In 2010, Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday Party sponsored by
Rockford University (Jane Addams' alma mater), and in 2011, she appeared as Jane Addams at an event sponsored by the
Chicago Park District.
There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near
Navy Pier in Chicago. A six-piece sculptural grouping honoring Addams by Louise Bourgeois called "Helping Hands" was originally installed in 1993 at Addams Memorial Park. However, they were "relocated to Chicago Women's Park and Gardens" in 2011 after being vandalized. The Jane Addams memorial sculpture was Chicago's first major artwork to honor an important woman. In 2007, the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest Tollway as the
Jane Addams Memorial Tollway
Interstate 90 (I-90) in the US state of Illinois runs roughly northwest-to-southeast through the northern part of the state. From the Wisconsin state line at South Beloit, it heads south to Rockford before heading east-southeast to the I ...
. Hull House buildings were mostly demolished for the establishment of the campus of the
University of Illinois at Chicago
The University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) is a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its campus is in the Near West Side community area, adjacent to the Chicago Loop. The second campus established under the University of Illinois s ...
in 1963, or relocated. The Hull residence itself and a related building are preserved as a museum and monument to Jane Addams.
The
Jane Addams College of Social Work
Jane may refer to:
* Jane (given name), a feminine given name
* Jane (surname), related to the given name
Film and television
* ''Jane'' (1915 film), a silent comedy film directed by Frank Lloyd
* ''Jane'' (2016 film), a South Korean drama fil ...
is a professional school at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Jane Addams Business Careers Center is a high school in
Cleveland, Ohio. Jane Addams High School For Academic Careers is a high school in
The Bronx, NY
The Bronx () is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state, state of New York (state), New York. It is south of Westchester County, New York, Westchester County; north and east of the ...
. Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1936 at
Connecticut College.
In 1973, Jane Addams was inducted into the
National Women's Hall of Fame. In 2008 Jane Addams was inducted into the
Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame. Addams was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2012. Also, in 2012 she was inducted into the
Legacy Walk
The Legacy Walk is an outdoor public display on North Halsted Street in Chicago, Illinois, United States, which celebrates LGBT contributions to world history and culture. According to its website, it is "the world's only outdoor museum walk and y ...
, an outdoor public display which celebrates
LGBT
' is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity.
The LGBT term i ...
history and people. In 2014, Jane Addams was one of the first 20 honorees awarded a 3-foot x 3-foot bronze plaque on San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk (www.rainbowhonorwalk.org) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines.
In 2015, Addams was named by
Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015
LGBT History Month.
Jane Addams was possibly the inspiration of the character of Edith Keeler (played by
Joan Collins) in the
Hugo Award
The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year, given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its members. The Hugo is widely considered the premier ...
winning 1967
''Star Trek'' episode ''
The City on the Edge of Forever'', which is widely considered to be one of the best episodes in the ''Star Trek'' series. Like Addams, Keeler was a visionary social reformer, based in a large city, who was active in the world peace movement.
See also
*
Jane Addams Burial Site
The Jane Addams Burial Site is located in Cedarville Cemetery in the village of Cedarville, Illinois, United States. Jane Addams' burial site is located on a family plot which also contains the graves of her father, John Huy Addams, and several ot ...
*
Jane Addams School for Democracy Located in West Side Saint Paul, Minnesota at Baker Center, the Jane Addams School for Democracy was an organization dedicated to the ideals of democracy and citizenship. In an environment that seeks to embody the principles of democratic educatio ...
*
Jane Addams Middle School
*
Jane Addams Children's Book Award
*
John H. Addams Homestead
The John H. Addams Homestead, also known as the Jane Addams Birthplace, is located in the Stephenson County village of Cedarville, Illinois, United States. The homestead property, a site, includes an 1840s era Federal style house, a Pennsylvani ...
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List of American philosophers
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List of female Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to Mankind."
As of 2022, 61 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 6 ...
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List of peace activists
This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods. Peace activists usually work ...
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List of suffragists and suffragettes
This list of suffragists and suffragettes includes noted individuals active in the worldwide women's suffrage movement who have campaigned or strongly advocated for women's suffrage, the organisations which they formed or joined, and the public ...
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List of women's rights activists
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John Dewey
John Dewey (; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the f ...
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Florence Kelley
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Flora Dunlap
Flora Dunlap (born 1872) was a social worker and social reform activist in Iowa. She served as the president of the Iowa Equal Suffrage Association in 1913. She headed the Roadside Settlement House in Des Moines, Iowa. Dunlap was the first woman ...
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Mary Treglia
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Elizabeth Harrison (educator)
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Community practice Community practice also known as macro practice or community work is a branch of social work in the United States that focuses on larger social systems and social change, and is tied to the historical roots of United States social work.Gibelman, M. ...
social work
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Stanton Street Settlement
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Progressive Party (United States, 1912)
The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former president Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé rival, incumbent president Willi ...
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American philosophy
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International Fellowship of Reconciliation
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Addams (crater)
References
Further reading
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Archival resources
Jane Addams Collection, 1838-date (bulk 1880–1935)() is housed at
Swarthmore College
Swarthmore College ( , ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1864, with its first classes held in 1869, Swarthmore is one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States. It was established as ...
Peace Collection.
Jane Addams Papers, 1904–1960 (bulk 1904–1936)() is housed at
Smith College
Smith College is a private liberal arts women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts. It was chartered in 1871 by Sophia Smith and opened in 1875. It is the largest member of the historic Seven Sisters colleges, a group of elite women's c ...
Sophia Smith Collection.
* Jane Addams Correspondence, 1872–1935 (inclusive) (23 reels) is housed at
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study
The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University—also known as the Harvard Radcliffe Institute—is a part of Harvard University that fosters interdisciplinary research across the humanities, sciences, social sciences, arts, a ...
.
Biographies
*
*
* Davis, Allen F. ''American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams'' (1973), 339pp, solid scholarship but tends toward debunking
* Diliberto, Gioia. ''A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams.'' (1999). 318 pp.
* Elshtain, Jean Bethke. ''Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life'' Basic Books: 200
online edition by a leading conservative scholar
*
Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. ''Jane Addams As I Knew Her''. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Publications, ca. 1936. Marcet was Addams's niece.
* Knight, Louise W. ''Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy.'' (2005). 582 pp.; biography to 189
online edition* Knight, Louise W. ''Jane Addams: Spirit in Action.'' (2010). 334 pp., complete biography aimed at a broader audience.
* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A Writer's Life.'' (2004). 306 pp.
* Linn, James W. ''Jane Addams: A Biography.'' (1935) 457 pp, by her admiring nephew
Specialty studies
* Agnew, Elizabeth N. "A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and 'Pacifism in Practice'" ''Peace & Change'' (2017) 42#1 pp 5–31
A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and “Pacifism in Practice”
* Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams And Emily Greene Balch: Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". ''Journal of Women's History'' 1995 7(2): 6–26.
* Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Tamara. "Becoming Jane Addams: Feminist Developmental Theory and' The College Woman'" ''Girlhood Studies'' (2014) 7#2 pp: 61-78.
* Beer, Janet and Joslin, Katherine. "Diseases of the Body Politic: White Slavery in Jane Addams' "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil" and "Selected Short Stories" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman". ''Journal of American Studies'' 1999 33(1): 1–18.
* Bowen, Louise de Koven. ''Growing up with Pity''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926.
* Brinkmann, Tobias. ''Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago'' (2012), on Addams relationship with Chicago Jews.
* Bryan, Mary Linn McCree, and Allen F. Davis. ''One Hundred Years at Hull-House'' (1990), a history of the programs there
* Craraft, James. ''Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global Peace'' (Lanham: Lexington, 2012).179 pp.
* Carson, Minal. ''Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885–1930'' (1990)
* Chansky, Dorothy. "Re-visioning Reform", ''American Quarterly'' vol 55 #3 (2003) 515–523 online at
Project MUSE
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. Project MUSE contains digital humanities and social science content from over 250 univers ...
* Curti, Merle. "Jane Addams on Human Nature", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr. 1961), pp. 240–25
in JSTOR* Danielson, Caroline Page. "Citizen Acts: Citizenship and Political Agency in the Works of Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1996. 331 pp. DAI 1996 57(6): 2651-A. DA9635502 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
''ProQuest Dissertations and Theses'' (''PQDT'') is an online database that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in ...
* Dawley, Alan. ''Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution'' (2003)
* Deegan, Mary Jo. "Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology, and Social Justice, 1892 to 1935". ''
Humanity & Society'' (2013) 37#3 pp: 248-258.
* Deegan, Mary. ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918''. (Transaction, Inc., 1988)
* Donovan, Brian. ''White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887–1917.'' (U of Illinois Press. 2006). 186 pp.
* Duffy, William. "Remembering is the Remedy: Jane Addams's Response to Conflicted Discourse". ''Rhetoric Review'' (2011) 30#2 pp: 135–152.
* Fischer, Marilyn, et al. eds. ''Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy'' (2009), 230pp; 11 specialized essays by scholar
excerpt and text search* Foust, Mathew A. "Perplexities of Filiality: Confucius and Jane Addams on the Private/Public Distinction", ''Asian Philosophy'' (2008) 18(2): 149–166.
* Grimm, Robert Thornton, Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900–1916". ''Illinois Historical Journal'' 1997 90(1): 47–64.
* Gustafson, Melanie. ''Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924'' (University of Illinois Press, 2001).
* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2007
online edition Addams as philosopher
* Hamington, Maurice. ''Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics'' (2004
excerpt and online search at amazon.com* Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care", ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' v 15 #2 2001, pp. 105–121 online at
Project MUSE
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. Project MUSE contains digital humanities and social science content from over 250 univers ...
* Hamington, Maurice. "Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching", ''The Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' v. 19#2 (2005), pp. 167–174 online at
Project MUSE
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. Project MUSE contains digital humanities and social science content from over 250 univers ...
* Hansen, Jonathan M. "Fighting Words: The Transnational Patriotism of Eugene V. Debs, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois". PhD dissertation Boston U. 1997. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(10): 4511-A. DA9710148 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
''ProQuest Dissertations and Theses'' (''PQDT'') is an online database that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in ...
* Henderson, Karla A. "Jane Addams: Leisure Services Pioneer". ''Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance'', (1982) 53#2 pp. 42–45
* Imai, Konomi, and 今井小の実. "The Women's Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō". ''Kwansei Gakuin University humanities review'' 17 (2013): 85-109
online* Jackson, Shannon. ''Lines of Activity: Performance, Historiography, Hull-House Domesticity'' (2000). 384 pp.
* Joslin, Katherine. ''Jane Addams: A writer's Life'' (2009
excerpt and text search* Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey". ''School Business Affairs'', v67 n8 pp. Aug 4–8, 2001.
* Knight, Louise W. "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition". ''Gender & History'' 1998 10(2): 217–251. Fulltext:
Ebsco
* Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" ''Journal of Women's History'' 1997 9(1): 111–138. Fulltext:
Ebsco
* Lissak, R. S. ''Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants.'' (1989)
* Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century". ''Children's Theatre Review'', Oct 1983. v32 n4 pp 13–15
* Morton, Keith. "Addams, Day, and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture". ''Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning'', Fall 1997 v4 pp 137–49 * Oakes, Jeannie. ''Becoming Good American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in Education Reform.'' (2000).
* Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
''ProQuest Dissertations and Theses'' (''PQDT'') is an online database that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in ...
* Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". ''Art Education'', 29, 1, 9–12, Jan 76.
* Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". ''History of Education Quarterly'', 14, 1, 49–68, Spr 74.
* Philpott, Thomas. L. ''The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880–1930.'' (1991).
* Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890–1930". ''Environmental History'' 2000 5(2): 194–222.
* Polacheck, Hilda Satt. ''I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
* Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic". PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
''ProQuest Dissertations and Theses'' (''PQDT'') is an online database that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in ...
* Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement, 1889–1912". PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
''ProQuest Dissertations and Theses'' (''PQDT'') is an online database that indexes, abstracts, and provides full-text
In text retrieval, full-text search refers to techniques for searching a single computer-stored document or a collection in ...
* Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War". ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 1993 54(2): 241–254
in JSTOR* Seigfried, Charlene H. "A Pragmatist Response to Death: Jane Addams on the Permanent and the Transient". ''Journal of Speculative Philosophy'' (2007) 21(2): 133––141.
*
Shields, Patricia M. 2006. "Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration". ''Administrative Theory & Praxis'', vol. 28, no. 3, September, pp. 418–443
Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration*
Shields, Patricia M. 2011. "Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective". In ''Women in Public Administration: Theory and Practice.'' Edited by Maria D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.
*
Shields, Patricia M. 2017. "Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". New York, NY: Springer.
*
Shields, Patricia M. and Soeters, Joseph. 2017. Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace and Public Administration. The ''
American Review of Public Administration
''The American Review of Public Administration'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of public administration. The journal's editors-in-chief are Stephanie P. Newbold and Marc Holzer. It was established in 1967 and is currentl ...
'' Vol. 47, no 3 pp. 323–399. doi/10.1177/0275074015589629.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers", ''Signs,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp. 658–67
in JSTOR* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919". ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 2003 2(1): 80–96.
* Soeters, Joseph. 2018. "Jane Addams: From Peace Activism to Pragmatic Peacekeeper" Chapter 5 in ''Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations'' New York: Routledge
* Stebner, E. J. ''The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.'' (1997).
*
Stiehm, Judith Hicks. ''Champions for Peace: Women Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.'' Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.
* Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: Echoes from the early 20th century". ''Social Work'', Sep93; 38(5): 513–20
EBSCO* Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S. "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers". ''Social Service Review'' 2004 78(3): 447-465. Fulltext:
Ebsco
Primary sources
* Addams, Jane. "A Belated Industry" ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 1, No. 5 (Mar. 1896), pp. 536–55
in JSTOR* Addams, Jane. ''The subjective value of a social settlement'' (1892
online* Addams, Jane, ed. ''Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago, Together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing Out of the Social Conditions'' (1896; reprint 2007
excerpts and online search from amazon.comfull text
* Kelley, Florence. "Hull House" ''The New England Magazine.'' Volume 24, Issue 5. (July 1898) pp. 550–56
online at MOA
* Addams, Jane. "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption", ''International Journal of Ethics'' Vol. 8, No. 3 (Apr. 1898), pp. 273–29
in JSTOR
* Addams, Jane. "Trades Unions and Public Duty", ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 4, No. 4 (Jan. 1899), pp. 448–46
in JSTOR
* Addams, Jane. "The Subtle Problems of Charity", ''The Atlantic Monthly.'' Volume 83, Issue 496 (February 1899) pp. 163–17
online at MOA
* Addams, Jane. ''Democracy and Social Ethics'' (1902
online at Internet Archiveonline at Harvard Library
** 23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by 1,570 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''Child labor'' 190
Harvard Library online
* Addams, Jane. "Problems of Municipal Administration", ''The American Journal of Sociology'' Vol. 10, No. 4 (Jan. 1905), pp. 425–44
JSTOR
* Addams, Jane. "Child Labor Legislation – A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 25, Child Labor (May 1905), pp. 128–13
in JSTOR
* Addams, Jane. ''The operation of the Illinois child labor law,'' (1906
online at Harvard Library
* Addams, Jane. ''Newer Ideals of Peace'' (1906
online at Internet Archive
** 13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by 686 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''National protection for children'' 190
online at Harvard Library
* Addams, Jane. ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909
online at books.google.com
online at Harvard Library
** 16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by 1,094 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes,'' 191
online at Harvard Library
** 72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by 3,250 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''A new conscience and an ancient evil'' (1912
online at Harvard Library
** 14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by 912 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane; Balch, Emily Greene; and Hamilton, Alice. ''Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results.'' (1915) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman Alonso, (2003). 91 pp
online at Harvard Library
* Addams, Jane. ''The Long Road of Woman's Memory'' (1916
online at Internet Archiveonline at Harvard Library
also reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 84 pp.
* Addams, Jane. ''Peace and Bread in Time of War'' 192
online edition
online at Harvard Library
** 12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by 835 libraries worldwide
* Addams, Jane. ''My Friend, Julia Lathrop.'' (1935; reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2004) 166 pp.
* Addams, Jane. ''Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader'' (1960
online edition
* Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, Barbara Bair, and Maree De Angury. eds., ''The Selected Papers of Jane Addams Volume 1: Preparing to Lead, 1860–1881.'' University of Illinois Press, 2002
online excerpt and text search
* Elshtain, Jean B. ed. ''The Jane Addams Reader'' (2002), 488pp
* Lasch, Christopher, ed. (1965). ''The Social Thought of Jane Addams''.
External links
Digital collections
Jane Addams Digital Edition, Ramapo College of New Jersey*
*
*
*
*Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Women Working, 1870–1930
A full-text searchable online database with complete access to publications written by Jane Addams.
*
Physical collections
*
ttps://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ADDAMSJ Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894–1919at th
University of Chicago Special Collections Research CenterJane Addams Papersat the
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
Ellen Gates Starr Papersat the
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College
*
Biographical information
FBI file on Jane AddamsJane Addams on the history of social work timelineJane AddamsNational Women's Hall of Fame
Kathi Coon Badertscher: Jane Addams, In: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Hull House links
Jane Addams Hull-House MuseumJane Addams's Hull-HouseTaylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country Club
Scholarship and analysis
* Michals, Debr
"Jane Addams" National Women's History Museum. 2017.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull-House Reflect the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" Sklar,
Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000 One of the premier collections on the World Wide Web for the teaching of U.S. history, Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600 to 2000, includes (as of March 2014) 110 document projects with almost 4,350 documents and more than 153,00 ...
* Looks at her as "the first woman 'public philosopher' in United States history".
American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report
Other links
*
The Bitter Cry of Outcast Londonby Rev. Andrew Mearns
International Fellowship of ReconciliationShort historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915 on her peace mission with
Aletta Jacobs and
Alice Hamilton.
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Addams, Jane
1860 births
1935 deaths
19th-century American non-fiction writers
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19th-century Presbyterians
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Activists from Chicago
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American people of English descent
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Burials in Illinois
Child labor in the United States
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Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
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Non-interventionism
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People from Stephenson County, Illinois
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Writers from Chicago
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Inductees of the Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame