James' theorem

In mathematics, particularly functional analysis, James' theorem, named for Robert C. James, states that a Banach space $X$ is reflexive if and only if every continuous linear functional on $X$ attains its supremum on the closed unit ball in $X.$

A stronger version of the theorem states that a weakly closed subset $C$ of a Banach space $X$ is weakly compact if and only if each continuous linear functional on $X$ attains a maximum on $C.$

The hypothesis of completeness in the theorem cannot be dropped.

Statements

The space $X$ considered can be a real or complex Banach space. Its continuous dual space is denoted by $X^.$ The topological dual of ℝ-Banach space deduced from $X$ by any restriction scalar will be denoted $X^_.$ (It is of interest only if $X$ is a complex space because if $X$ is a $\R$-space then $X^_ = X^.$)

A Banach space being reflexive if and only if its closed unit ball is weakly compact one deduces from this, since the norm of a continuous linear form is the upper bound of its module on this ball:

History

Historically, these sentences were proved in reverse order. In 1957, James had proved the reflexivity criterion for separable Banach spaces and 1964 for general Banach spaces. Since the reflexivity is equivalent to the weak compactness of the unit sphere, Victor L. Klee reformulated this as a compactness criterion for the unit sphere in 1962 and assumes that this criterion characterizes any weakly compact quantities. This was then actually proved by James in 1964.

See also

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Notes

References

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{{Functional analysis

Theorems in functional analysis