Wilbur Joseph Cash (May 2, 1900 – July 1, 1941) was an American journalist known for writing ''The Mind of the South'' (1941), his controversial interpretation of the history of the

American South The Southern United States (sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, or simply the South) is a geographic and cultural region of the United States of America. It is between the Atlantic Ocean ...

Biography

Early life

Cash was born and grew up in the mill village of Gaffney, South Carolina. He attended Wofford College and graduated from Wake Forest College (now Wake Forest University) in 1922, also attending law school for a year there. During his final two undergraduate years, he served first as managing editor and then editor of the college newspaper, the Old Gold & Black. Cash left law school, declaring later that it "required too much mendacity," and taught college and high school for two years, before turning permanently to journalism and writing as his profession.

Newspaper career

From 1926 to 1928, Cash undertook several newspaper jobs: a year in Chicago writing for the now-defunct '' Chicago Evening Post''; several months with '' The Charlotte News'' during which he wrote a wistful philosophical column titled "The Moving Row"; and a four-month stint during the fall of 1928 as the chief editor of a small semi-weekly newspaper in Shelby, North Carolina, during which Cash excoriated the

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and ...

and the

anti-Catholicism Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and/or its adherents. At various points after the Reformation, some majority Protestant states, including England, Prussia, Scotland, and the Uni ...

at work, especially in the South, against the candidacy of

Al Smith Alfred Emanuel Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was an American politician who served four terms as Governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's candidate for president in 1928. The son of an Irish-American mother and a C ...

for president against Herbert Hoover. During the period of primary writing on ''The Mind of the South'' (1929 to 1937), Cash lived in North Carolina in Boiling Springs and Shelby. When his contributions to '' The American Mercury'' ended after the passage of the ''Mercurys editorship from H. L. Mencken to Lawrence Spivak, Cash supported himself with freelance weekly book reviews to ''The Charlotte News'' from 1935 to 1939, for each of which he received a meagre $3. The "book reviews" often became fierce analytical diatribes penetrating the mindset of Nazism under Hitler and Fascism under Mussolini while at other times exploring the South through Southern writers such as James Branch Cabell, Erskine Caldwell, Lillian Smith, Ellen Glasgow,

Claude McKay Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay OJ (September 15, 1890See Wayne F. Cooper, ''Claude McKay, Rebel Sojourner In The Harlem Renaissance (New York, Schocken, 1987) p. 377 n. 19. As Cooper's authoritative biography explains, McKay's family predated ...

, Thomas Wolfe, and William Faulkner. Cash also wrote occasional editorials for ''The News,'' focusing primarily on the danger of Hitler and Mussolini to worldwide democracy, a topic on which he regularly expounded from 1935 and by the late 1930s would overtake his interest in the South and further delay completion of the book. The strength of the freelance book reviews earned Cash a job as Associate Editor of ''The Charlotte News'' from October 1937 to May 1941. In that role, Cash wrote editorials on every conceivable topic and stressed the international situation. ''The Charlotte News'', which closed its doors in 1985, was at the time a lively progressive newspaper enjoying the largest circulation of any afternoon daily in the Carolinas and its broad readership expanded admiration for Cash's writing and extraordinary prescience on the developing war news out of Europe and the Pacific. His writing was considered so eerily predictive of coming events in the war that fellow staff writers at ''The News'' nicknamed him " Zarathustra." Cash was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing in 1941 for his work during 1940 on World War II for the newspaper.

''The Mind of the South''

Frustrated with the duties at a small newspaper, Cash abruptly quit shortly after the 1928 election and began writing what would turn out to be eight articles for H.L. Mencken's ''American Mercury'' between 1929 and 1935, including the seminal piece "The Mind of the South," published in October, 1929. Cash's aggressive style owed a great deal to Mencken. Blanche and Alfred Knopf, publishers of the ''Mercury'', saw the piece, liked it, and asked Cash to write a book-length version. Thus was born the famous book. The text was delayed, much to the Knopfs' worry and frustration, for over a decade as Cash meticulously labored to perfect the work to its final conclusion in mid-1940. He received help along the way from the noted University of North Carolina sociologist, Howard Odum. On February 10, 1941, ''The Mind of the South'' was published by Knopf. The book, a socio-historical, intuitive exploration of Southern culture, received wide critical acclaim at the time and garnered for Cash praise from sources as diverse as the

N.A.A.C.P. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.& ...

, '' TIME'', '' The New York Times,'' '' The Saturday Review of Literature'', and most Southern newspapers of note. (One note of negative criticism came from the Agrarian group out of Nashville.) ''TIME'', for instance, stated, "Anything written about the South henceforth must start where he leaves off."

In Mexico

In March 1941, largely on the strength of the critical success of the book, Cash was awarded a

Guggenheim Fellowship Guggenheim Fellowships are grants that have been awarded annually since by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the ar ...

to spend a year in Mexico writing a novel, to be on the progress of a Southern cotton mill family from the Old South into the modern era. Cash had always considered himself to be superior at writing fiction to non-fiction, as he stated in his October, 1940 application to the Guggenheim Foundation, and so he embraced the opportunity for a year to try his hand at a novel with great eagerness. Cash had made, first in 1932, then in 1936, two previous applications for Guggenheim grants: the first to have been a study of

Lafcadio Hearn , born Patrick Lafcadio Hearn (; el, Πατρίκιος Λευκάδιος Χέρν, Patríkios Lefkádios Chérn, Irish language, Irish: Pádraig Lafcadio O'hEarain), was an Irish people, Irish-Greeks, Greek-Japanese people, Japanese writer, t ...

, to have been titled "Anatomy of a Romantic," using Hearn as an exemplar by which to study Southern romantics generally and the second to have been a study of the Nazi mindset by spending a year in Germany, a contrasting reprise of Cash's bicycle tour of pre-Nazi Europe during the summer of 1927. Likely because of Cash's lack of a published major work at the time, both applications were rejected. The third and successful application was sponsored by the Knopfs and by '' Raleigh News & Observer'' Editor and Guggenheim recipient,

Jonathan W. Daniels Jonathan Worth Daniels (April 26, 1902 – November 6, 1981) was an American writer, editor, and White House Press Secretary. He was a founding member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors, serving from 1940 until 1950. For most of his life, he w ...

, who had befriended Cash in 1938. The Fellowship carried with it great prestige at the time, Cash being placed in the select company of Daniels, Thomas Wolfe, and playwright Paul Green, as the only North Carolinians to have received the grant by 1941. Cash, with his wife of five months, Mary Ross Northrop, also a writer and contributor to ''The News'', embarked on the trip to Mexico in late May, 1941. Having been invited by University of Texas president Homer Rainey to provide the main commencement address to the 1941 graduating class on June 2 in Austin. Cash addressed some 1,400 graduates, focusing on the main developmental socio-psychological themes of the South through history into the modern era, titled "The South in a Changing World." Cash had long suffered from depression. On July 1, 1941, Cash feared that Nazi assassins were following him. He committed suicide in his hotel room in Mexico City.

Legacy

Two biographies have been published on Cash, ''W. J. Cash: Southern Prophet'', by Joseph L. Morrison, Knopf, 1967, and ''W. J. Cash: A Life'', by Bruce Clayton, L.S.U. Press, 1991. In 1991, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of ''The Mind of the South,'' two widely-hailed seminars on the South and the impact through time of Cash's book on the South were held at Wake Forest and at the University of Mississippi. Each seminar attracted numerous prominent scholars, journalists and political leaders in multi-day sessions, resulting in two published works of essays, ''W. J. Cash and the Minds of the South,'' L.S.U. Press, 1992, ed. by Paul D. Escott, and ''The Mind of the South Fifty Years Later,'' Univ. Press of Miss., 1992, ed. by

Charles W. Eagles Charles W. Eagles (born September 22, 1946) is an American historian. He is the William F. Winter Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Mississippi and the author of several books about the civil rights movement. Selected bibliog ...

. Cash's work has been the subject of continuing debate among scholars since publication and the subject of numerous treatises in academic journals. The book has never been out of print, and a new edition was published in 1991 under the

Vintage Books Vintage Books is a trade paperback publishing imprint of Penguin Random House originally established by Alfred A. Knopf in 1954. The company was purchased by Random House in April 1960, and a British division was set up in 1990. After Random Hous ...

imprint of Random House. The first paperback edition was published in 1954, the same year of the landmark Supreme Court decision in '' Brown v. Board of Education'' ordering the desegregation of public schools. The book has enjoyed a wide and diverse readership through time and has often been assigned reading in course work in colleges and universities, both in and outside the South. The book had its greatest following during the 1950s and 1960s, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. It has been praised by many scholars as the virtual bible on the origins of Southern culture and required reading for any serious student on the social history of the South and its conflicts through time. The concluding paragraph from "The Mind of the South" is often cited as a distillation of the entire book: :Proud, brave, honorable by its lights, courteous, personally generous, loyal, swift to act, often too swift, but signally effective, sometimes terrible, in its action -- such was the South at its best. And such at its best it remains today, despite the great falling away in some of its virtues. Violence, intolerance, aversion and suspicion toward new ideas, an incapacity for analysis, an inclination to act from feeling rather than from thought, an exaggerated individualism and too narrow concept of social responsibility, attachment to fictions and false values, above all too great attachment to racial values and a tendency to justify cruelty and injustice in the name of those values, sentimentality and a lack of realism -- these have been its characteristic vices in the past. And, despite changes for the better, they remain its characteristic vices today. According to the biographer Bruce Clayton, the central themes in ''The Mind of the South'' were romanticism, violence, hyperbolic rhetoric, individualism, and white racial solidarity. Class consciousness was of minor importance. Cash emphasized continuity, rather than change, and thereby downplayed the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and led some critics to attack his generalizations.

C. Vann Woodward Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 – December 17, 1999) was an American historian who focused primarily on the American South and race relations. He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of un ...

, while praising Cash's vigorous style, contends that Cash routinely ignored contrary evidence, missed the power of the southern aristocracy, downplayed blacks, and minimized the central importance of slavery. He also overemphasized the plain white farmers and the Piedmont region, as opposed to the more influential plantation owners in the Black Belt. Woodward rejected Cash's consensus thesis of unity and continuity.Woodward, 1971.

References

External links

Biography on Charlotte Mecklenburg Public Library Website
*
Old Gold and Black
Wake Forest University's student newspaper where W. J. Cash served as editor while an undergraduate.
Wilbur J. Cash Collection
at the Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University
wj.cash.org

ncpedia.org
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cash, W. J. 1900 births 1941 deaths American newspaper journalists 20th-century American non-fiction writers Burials in North Carolina Journalists from South Carolina People from Gaffney, South Carolina Writers from North Carolina Writers from South Carolina Wake Forest University alumni People from Shelby, North Carolina People from Boiling Springs, North Carolina 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 1941 suicides Suicides in Mexico 20th-century American male writers