Jabga Language
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The Bulaka River languages are a pair of closely related Papuan languages, Yelmek and Maklew, on the Bulaka River in Indonesian West Papua. They are ethnically Yab (Jab); their speech is ''Yabga (Jabga)''.


Languages

Yelmek is spoken west of Merauke, between the Digul River and Mbian River, (from north to south) in the villages of Wanam, Bibikem, Woboyo, and Dodalim. Maklew is spoken in Welbuti village. The former two villages are located in Ilwayab subdistrict, and the latter three in Tubang subdistrict.


Classification

The two languages are transparently related. Ross (2005) tentatively included them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family, but Usher, who reconstructs that family, does not connect Bulaka River to any other language family.New Guinea World: Bulaka River
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Proto-language


Phonology

Usher (2014) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows. Although the modern inventories of Yelmek and Maklew are nearly identical, the lack of a one-to-one correspondence between them suggests the ancestral inventory was somewhat larger. Usher posits a series of palatal consonants *ɲ *c *ɟ to handle the correspondences of alveolar in Yelmek with velar in Maklew (n~ŋ, t~k, d~g), plus *j for j~s, *w for w~h, *ɣ̃ for ŋ~h, and *s for t~s (found in loans). : :


Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: :


Lexicon

Proto-Bulaka River lexical reconstructions by Usher (2014) are:Usher, Timothy. 2014.
Bulaka River Consonants
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Journal of Language Relationship The ''Journal of Language Relationship'' (abbreviated ''JLR''; Russian: Вопросы языкового родства) is a quarterly academic journal published in both Russia and the United States. It focuses on historical linguistics, with ma ...
'', vol. 12, no. 1, 2015, pp. 31-50.
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References


External links

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World
Proto-Bulaka River
{{language families Language families Papuan languages Languages of western New Guinea