Jakarta EE, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending
Java SE
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE).
The platform uses Ja ...
with specifications for enterprise features such as
distributed computing
A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different computer network, networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by message passing, passing messages to one another from any system. Distributed com ...
and
web services. Jakarta EE applications are run on
reference runtimes, that can be
microservices
A microservice architecture – a variant of the service-oriented architecture structural style – is an architectural pattern that arranges an application as a collection of loosely-coupled, fine-grained services, communicating through lightw ...
or
application server
An application server is a server that hosts applications or software that delivers a business application through a communication protocol.
An application server framework is a service layer model. It includes software components available to a ...
s, which handle transactions, security, scalability,
concurrency and management of the components it is deploying.
Jakarta EE is defined by its
specification
A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard.
There are different types of technical or engineering specificati ...
. The specification defines
API
An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how ...
s (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other
Java Community Process
The Java Community Process (JCP), established in 1998, is a formalized mechanism that allows interested parties to develop standard technical specifications for Java technology. Anyone can become a JCP Member by filling a form available at thJCP w ...
specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as ''Jakarta EE compliant''.
Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are:
e-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain manageme ...
, accounting, banking information systems.
History
The platform was known as ''Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition'' or ''J2EE'' from version 1.2, until the name was changed to ''Java Platform, Enterprise Edition'' or ''Java EE'' in version 1.5.
Java EE was maintained by
Oracle
An oracle is a person or agency considered to provide wise and insightful counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities. As such, it is a form of divination.
Description
The word '' ...
under the
Java Community Process
The Java Community Process (JCP), established in 1998, is a formalized mechanism that allows interested parties to develop standard technical specifications for Java technology. Anyone can become a JCP Member by filling a form available at thJCP w ...
. On September 12, 2017,
Oracle Corporation
Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas. In 2020, Oracle was the third-largest software company in the world by revenue and market capitalization. The company sells da ...
announced that it would submit Java EE to the
Eclipse Foundation
The Eclipse Foundation AISBL is an independent, Europe-based not-for-profit corporation that acts as a steward of the Eclipse open source software development community, with legal jurisdiction in the European Union. It is an organization suppo ...
.
The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J). The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use of javax and Java trademarks. Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE. The name refers to the largest city on the island of
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
and also the capital of Indonesia,
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
.
[https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/post/transition-from-java-ee-to-jakarta-ee ] The name should not be confused with the former
Jakarta Project
The Jakarta Project created and maintained open source software for the Java platform. It operated as an umbrella project under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation, and all Jakarta products are released under the Apache License. As ...
which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the
Apache Software Foundation
The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is an American nonprofit corporation (classified as a 501(c)(3) organization in the United States) to support a number of open source software projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the A ...
.
Specifications
Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, managing distributed queues.
The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base
Java SE
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE).
The platform uses Ja ...
API
An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how ...
s, such as
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB; formerly Enterprise JavaBeans) is one of several Java APIs for modular construction of enterprise software. EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic of an application. An EJB web c ...
,
connectors,
servlet
A Jakarta Servlet (formerly Java Servlet) is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web application ...
s,
Jakarta Server Pages
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP; formerly JavaServer Pages) is a collection of technologies that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, SOAP, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, ...
and several
web service technologies.
Web specifications
*
Jakarta Servlet
A Jakarta Servlet (formerly Java Servlet) is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web application ...
: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
* Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service
WebSocket
WebSocket is a computer communications protocol, providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection. The WebSocket protocol was standardized by the IETF as in 2011. The current API specification allowing web applications ...
connections;
*
Jakarta Server Faces
Jakarta Faces, formerly Jakarta Server Faces and JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications and was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process being part of t ...
: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
*
Jakarta Expression Language (''EL'') is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.
Web service specifications
*
Jakarta RESTful Web Services
Jakarta RESTful Web Services, (JAX-RS; formerly Java API for RESTful Web Services) is a Jakarta EE application programming interface, API specification that provides support in creating web services according to the Representational State Transf ...
provides support in creating web services according to the
Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural pattern;
* Jakarta JSON Processing is a set of specifications to manage information encoded in JSON format;
* Jakarta JSON Binding provides specifications to convert JSON information into or from Java classes;
*
Jakarta XML Binding
Java XML Binding (JAXB; formerly Java Architecture for XML Binding) is a software framework that allows Java EE developers to map Java classes to XML representations. JAXB provides two main features: the ability to ''marshal'' Java objects into ...
allows mapping XML into Java objects;
*
Jakarta XML Web Services
The Jakarta XML Web Services (JAX-WS; formerly Java API for XML Web Services) is a Jakarta EE API for creating web services, particularly SOAP services. JAX-WS is one of the Java XML programming APIs.
Overview
The JAX-WS 2.2 specificatioJSR 2 ...
can be used to create SOAP web services.
Enterprise specifications
*
Jakarta Activation
Within computing, Jakarta Activation (JAF; formerly JavaBeans Activation Framework) is a Jakarta EE API that enables developers to: delegated to a FileTypeMap object.
* Other implementations
** ''javax.mail.internet.MimePartDataSource''
** ''jav ...
(''JAF'') specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
* Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (''CDI'') is a specification to provide a
dependency injection container;
*
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB; formerly Enterprise JavaBeans) is one of several Java APIs for modular construction of enterprise software. EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic of an application. An EJB web c ...
(''EJB'') specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide
transactions (using
JTA),
remote procedure call
In distributed computing, a remote procedure call (RPC) is when a computer program causes a procedure (subroutine) to execute in a different address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network), which is coded as if it were a normal (l ...
s (using
RMI or
RMI-IIOP RMI-IIOP (read as "RMI over IIOP") denotes the Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) interface over the Internet Inter-Orb Protocol (IIOP), which delivers Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) distributed computing
A distributed syst ...
),
concurrency control
In information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for Concurrent computing, concurrent operations a ...
,
dependency injection and
access control
In the fields of physical security and information security, access control (AC) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource, while access management describes the process. The act of ''accessing'' may mean consuming ...
for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
*
Jakarta Persistence
Jakarta Persistence (JPA; formerly Java Persistence API) is a Jakarta EE application programming interface specification that describes the management of relational data in enterprise Java applications.
Persistence in this context covers three a ...
(''JPA'') are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
*
Jakarta Transactions
The Jakarta Transactions (JTA; formerly Java Transaction API), one of the Jakarta EE APIs, enables distributed transactions to be done across multiple X/Open XA resources in a Java environment. JTA was a specification developed under the Java Com ...
(''JTA'') contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
*
Jakarta Messaging
The Jakarta Messaging API (formerly Java Message Service or JMS API) is a Java application programming interface (API) for message-oriented middleware. It provides generic messaging models, able to handle the producer–consumer problem, that can ...
(''JMS'') provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.
Other specifications
* Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the
Bean Validation Bean Validation defines a metadata model and API for JavaBean validation. The metadata source is annotations, with the ability to override and extend the meta-data through the use of XML validation descriptors.
Originally defined as part of Java ...
API. Bean Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. JPA model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, JPA honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while
JSF does so in the view layer.
* Jakarta Batch provides the means for
batch processing
Computerized batch processing is a method of running software programs called jobs in batches automatically. While users are required to submit the jobs, no other interaction by the user is required to process the batch. Batches may automatically ...
in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
*
Jakarta Connectors
Jakarta Connectors (JCA; formerly Java EE Connector Architecture and J2EE Connector Architecture) is a Java programming language tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application i ...
is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (''EIS'') as part of enterprise application integration (''EAI''). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.
Web profile
In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications.
The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:
Certified referencing runtimes
Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like
connectors,
clustering,
fault tolerance
Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of one or more faults within some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the ...
,
high availability
High availability (HA) is a characteristic of a system which aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance, usually uptime, for a higher than normal period.
Modernization has resulted in an increased reliance on these systems. Fo ...
,
security
Security is protection from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercive change) caused by others, by restraining the freedom of others to act. Beneficiaries (technically referents) of security may be of persons and social ...
, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.
Jakarta EE
Java EE
Code sample
The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.
In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using
Jakarta Servlet
A Jakarta Servlet (formerly Java Servlet) is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web application ...
,
Jakarta Server Pages
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP; formerly JavaServer Pages) is a collection of technologies that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, SOAP, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, ...
(''JSP''), or
Jakarta Server Faces
Jakarta Faces, formerly Jakarta Server Faces and JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications and was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process being part of t ...
(''JSF'') with
Facelets
In computing, Facelets is an open-source Web template system under the Apache license and the default view handler technology (aka view declaration language) for Jakarta Server Faces (JSF; formerly JavaServer Faces). The language requires val ...
. The example below uses Faces and
Facelets
In computing, Facelets is an open-source Web template system under the Apache license and the default view handler technology (aka view declaration language) for Jakarta Server Faces (JSF; formerly JavaServer Faces). The language requires val ...
. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.
Example Backing Bean class
To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below use
Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)and
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB; formerly Enterprise JavaBeans) is one of several Java APIs for modular construction of enterprise software. EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic of an application. An EJB web c ...
(''EJB'').
@Named
@ViewScoped
public class UserEdit
Example Data Access Object class
To implement business logic,
Jakarta Enterprise Beans
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB; formerly Enterprise JavaBeans) is one of several Java APIs for modular construction of enterprise software. EJB is a server-side software component that encapsulates business logic of an application. An EJB web c ...
(''EJB'') is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence,
JDBC
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. I ...
or
Jakarta Persistence
Jakarta Persistence (JPA; formerly Java Persistence API) is a Jakarta EE application programming interface specification that describes the management of relational data in enterprise Java applications.
Persistence in this context covers three a ...
(JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that
JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.
@Stateless
public class UserDAO
Example Entity class
For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (''JPA''), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.
@Entity
public class User
See also
*
Canigó (framework)
*
Deployment descriptor A deployment descriptor (DD) refers to a configuration file for an artifact that is deployed to some container/engine.
In the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, a deployment descriptor describes how a component, module or application (such as a w ...
*
Java BluePrints Java BluePrints is Sun Microsystems' best practices for Enterprise Java development. This is Sun's official programming model for Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Software Development Kit (SDK). It began with Java Pet Store, the origin ...
*
Java Research License
The Java Research License (JRL) is a software distribution license created by Sun in an effort to simplify and relax the terms from the "research section" of the Sun Community Source License. Sun's J2SE 1.6.0, ''Mustang'', is licensed under the J ...
*
Sun Community Source License
The Sun Community Source License (SCSL) is a community source software licensing model designed by Sun Microsystems that covers the J2SE and J2EE software development kits. Sun introduced the SCSL in 1998 to maintain compatibility within the Jav ...
*
Sun Java System Portal Server
The Sun Java System Portal Server is a component of the Sun Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, a software system that supports a wide range of enterprise computing needs.
Portal Server allows administrators and delegated administrators to build p ...
*
Web container
A web container (also known as a servlet container;
and compare "webcontainer"
) is the component of a web server that interacts with Jakarta Servlets. A web container is responsible for managing the lifecycle of servlets, mapping a URL to a par ...
References
External links
*
*
Jakarta EE Compatible Products: Enterprise Java Application and Web Servers-
Eclipse Foundation
The Eclipse Foundation AISBL is an independent, Europe-based not-for-profit corporation that acts as a steward of the Eclipse open source software development community, with legal jurisdiction in the European Union. It is an organization suppo ...
The Jakarta EE TutorialFirst Cup of Jakarta EE Tutorial An Introduction to Jakarta EE
Oracle Technology Network
{{Java (software platform)
Articles with example Java code
Computing platforms
Platform, Enterprise Edition
Platform, Enterprise Edition
Web frameworks