John Massey Rhind (9 July 1860 – 1 January 1936) was a

Scottish-American Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; sco, Scots-American) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans, d ...

sculptor. Among Rhind's better known works is the marble statue of Dr. Crawford W. Long located in the

National Statuary Hall Collection The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Limited to two statues per state, the collection was originally set up in the old ...

in Washington D.C. (1926).

Early years

Born in

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

, Rhind began his art studies under the tutorage of his father John Rhind, a respected and successful sculptor in the

royal burgh A royal burgh () was a type of Scottish burgh which had been founded by, or subsequently granted, a royal charter. Although abolished by law in 1975, the term is still used by many former royal burghs. Most royal burghs were either created by ...

. He studied at the Royal Scottish Academy, and continued his education with

Jules Dalou Aimé-Jules Dalou (31 December 183815 April 1902) was a 19th-century French sculptor, admired for his perceptiveness, execution, and unpretentious realism. Early life Born in Paris to a working-class family of Huguenot background, he was raised ...

, who was at that time living and teaching in Lambeth, England. He then moved to Paris to continue his education for two more years. Upon completing his training he considered moving to the United States but was cautioned by his father not to do so because, "There is no sculptural art in America... You'll starve." In 1885 he established a studio with his elder brother

William Birnie Rhind William Birnie Rhind RSA (1853–1933) was a Scottish sculptor. Life Rhind was born in Edinburgh on 27 February 1853 as the first son of sculptor John Rhind (1828–1892), and his wife, Catherine Birnie. He was the elder brother of J. M ...

, at 217 West George Street,

Glasgow Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...

, but his brother moved back to Edinburgh 2 years later. At age 29, J. Massey Rhind finally emigrated to the United States in 1889 and settled in New York City. In 1899, Rhind set up a studio and sculpture yard and began residing in

Closter, New Jersey Closter (Westergaard, Barbara"Closter: Bergen" ''New Jersey: A Guide to the State'', p. 78. Rutgers University Press, 2006. . Accessed July 22, 2011. "Known locally as the "hub of the Northern Valley," Closter (pronounced with a long ''o'') was ...

Career

In February 1890

John Jacob Astor III John Jacob Astor III (June 10, 1822 – February 22, 1890) was an American financier, philanthropist and a soldier during the American Civil War. He was a prominent member of the Astor family, becoming the wealthiest member in his generation and ...

died and shortly thereafter a competition to create three sets of bronze doors dedicated to him for

Trinity Church, New York Trinity Church is a historic parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Known for its history, location, architecture and en ...

was announced. Rhind entered the competition, and, along with

Charles Niehaus Charles Henry Niehaus (January 24, 1855 — June 19, 1935), was an American sculptor. Education Niehaus was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to German parents. He began working as a marble and wood carver, and then gained entrance to the McMicken ...

and

Karl Bitter Karl Theodore Francis Bitter (December 6, 1867 – April 9, 1915) was an Austrian-born American sculptor best known for his architectural sculpture, memorials and residential work. Life and career The son of Carl and Henrietta Bitter, he was ...

, was awarded one of the sets of doors. After this success he never lacked for work and was to generate a large number of public monuments and architectural projects. Nevertheless, Rhind still found time for smaller, private pieces such as a bust of Theodore Roosevelt.

Gettysburg Battlefield

Alexander S. Webb Alexander Stewart Webb (February 15, 1835 – February 12, 1911) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg. After the war, he w ...

, 1915 *

Abner Doubleday Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893) was a career United States Army officer and Union major general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a p ...

, 1917 *

John Cleveland Robinson John Cleveland Robinson (April 10, 1817 – February 18, 1897) had a long and distinguished career in the United States Army, fighting in numerous wars and culminating his career as a Union Army brigadier general of volunteers and brevet major ...

, 1917 *

Francis C. Barlow Francis Channing Barlow (October 19, 1834 – January 11, 1896) was a lawyer, politician, and Union General during the American Civil War. Early life and career Barlow was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of a Unitarian minister, but was r ...

, 1922

Public monuments

Washington, D.C.

File:Grand Army of the Republic Memorial - Washington, D.C..JPG, Grand Army of the Republic Memorial in Washington, D.C. File:Statue_of_Crawford_W._Long_by_J._Massey_Rhind.jpg, Marble statue of Dr. Crawford W. Long in the

in Washington D.C. (1926)

Nova Scotia

Image:CornwallisStatueHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg,

Edward Cornwallis Edward Cornwallis ( – 14 January 1776) was a British career military officer and was a member of the aristocratic Cornwallis family, who reached the rank of Lieutenant General. After Cornwallis fought in Scotland, putting down the Jacobi ...

Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348 ...

File:BritanniaByMassey RhindGrand Parade,HalifaxNova Scotia.jpg,

Britannia Britannia () is the national personification of Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used in classical antiquity, the Latin ''Britannia'' was the name variously applied to the British Isles, Great ...

, Grand Parade, Nova Scotia File:Massey Rhind Nova Scotia.jpg,

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

Highland soldier, Chester, Nova Scotia File:HighlandSoldierByJMasseyRhindNewGlasgowNovaScotia.jpg, Highland soldier,

New Glasgow, Nova Scotia New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County, in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou, which flows into Pictou Harbour, a sub-basin of the Northumberland Strait. The town's population was 9,075 ...

New York and New Jersey

File:Geo W Washington Park jeh.JPG, ''George Washington''
Washington Park

Newark, New Jersey Newark ( , ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County and the second largest city within the New York metropolitan area.Philip Schuyler Philip John Schuyler (; November 18, 1804) was an American general in the Revolutionary War and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is usually known as Philip J. Schuyler. Born in Alba ...

Albany, New York Albany ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York, also the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, and about north of New York City ...

Other

* GIRARD, Stephen: Statue at the Museum of Art in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * WANAMAKER, John: Statue at the City Hall (east plaza) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania *Lanape Warrior, Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia, Pennsylvinia 1902 * Civil War Soldiers & Sailors Monument on Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * John C. Calhoun Monument,

Charleston, South Carolina Charleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint o ...

, 1896 * George Clinton Monument,

Kingston, New York Kingston is a Administrative divisions of New York#City, city in and the county seat of Ulster County, New York, United States. It is north of New York City and south of Albany, New York, Albany. The city's metropolitan area is grouped with t ...

, 1898 (originally in New York City''Where They Are Is Known; Why They Went, Isn't'', Streetscapes column, New York Times, 1 April 200

. Retrieved 20 June 2012) *

Henry Hudson Henry Hudson ( 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States. In 1607 and 160 ...

Monument,

, 1898 (originally in New York City ) *

James Wolfe James Wolfe (2 January 1727 – 13 September 1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms and, as a Major-general (United Kingdom), major general, remembered chiefly for his victory in 1759 over the Kingdom of France, French ...

Monument,

Calgary, Alberta Calgary ( ) is the largest city in the western provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Alberta and the largest metro area of the three Canadian Prairies, Prairie Provinces. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,30 ...

, 1898 (originally in New York City ) *

Peter Stuyvesant Peter Stuyvesant (; in Dutch also ''Pieter'' and ''Petrus'' Stuyvesant, ; 1610 – August 1672)Mooney, James E. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in p.1256 was a Dutch colonial officer who served as the last Dutch director-general of the colony of New Net ...

Monument *::

, 1898 (originally in New York City ) *::''

Peter Stuyvesant Monument The ''Peter Stuyvesant Monument'' is a memorial to Peter Stuyvesant and the establishment of settlement of Bergen, New Netherlands in 1660. It is located at Journal Square district of Jersey City, New Jersey. The statue of Stuyvesant by J. Ma ...

'',

Bergen Square Bergen Square, at the intersection of Bergen Avenue and Academy Street in Jersey City, is in the southwestern part of the much larger Journal Square district. A commercial residential area, it contains an eclectic array of architectural styl ...

Jersey City, New Jersey Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark.Robert Burns Robert Burns (25 January 175921 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who hav ...

Monument,

Barre, Vermont Barre, Vermont may refer to: *Barre (city), Vermont *Barre (town), Vermont Barre ( ) is a New England town, town in Washington County, Vermont, Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 7,923 at the 2020 census, making it the 3r ...

, 1899, *::

Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...

, Pennsylvania, 1914 *::

Syracuse, New York Syracuse ( ) is a City (New York), city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, Onondaga County, New York, United States. It is the fifth-most populous city in the state of New York following New York City, Buffalo, New York, Buffa ...

, 1914 *::

Newark, New Jersey Newark ( , ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County and the second largest city within the New York metropolitan area.William T. Sherman William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of Engl ...

Monument,

Muskegon, Michigan Muskegon ( ') is a city in Michigan. It is the county seat of Muskegon County. Muskegon is known for fishing, sailing regattas, pleasure boating, and as a commercial and cruise ship port. It is a popular vacation destination because of the expa ...

, 1900 *

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...

Memorial,

, 1900 *Statues of

Samuel Colt Samuel Colt (; July 19, 1814 – January 10, 1862) was an American inventor, industrialist, and businessman who established Colt's Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company (now Colt's Manufacturing Company) and made the mass production of r ...

, Colt Park,

Hartford, Connecticut Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960. It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area. Census estimates since the ...

, 1902–06 *

Alexander Skene Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene (; 17 June 1837 – 4 July 1900) was a British-American gynaecologist from Scotland who described what became known as Skene's glands. Biography Skene was born in Fyvie, Scotland, United Kingdom, on 17 June 1 ...

Grand Army Plaza Grand Army Plaza, originally known as Prospect Park Plaza, is a public plaza that comprises the northern corner and the main entrance of Prospect Park (Brooklyn), Prospect Park in the New York City Borough (New York City), borough of Brooklyn. ...

, Brooklyn, NY 1905 * Grand Army of the Republic Memorial, Washington, D.C., 1909 *

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

Newark, New Jersey Newark ( , ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County and the second largest city within the New York metropolitan area.Bartolomeo Colleoni Bartolomeo Colleoni (; 1400 – 2 November 1475) was an Italian condottiero, who became captain-general of the Republic of Venice. Colleoni "gained reputation as the foremost tactician and disciplinarian of the 15th century".''Websters New ...

, reproduction of

Andrea del Verrocchio Andrea del Verrocchio (, , ; – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was a sculptor, Italian painter and goldsmith who was a master of an important workshop in Florence. He apparently became known as ''Verrocchio'' after the su ...

equestrian sculpture An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin ''eques'', meaning 'knight', deriving from ''equus'', meaning 'horse'. A statue of a riderless horse is strictly an equine statue. A full-sized equestrian statue is a d ...

Newark, New Jersey Newark ( , ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County and the second largest city within the New York metropolitan area.National McKinley Birthplace Memorial The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum is the national memorial to President William McKinley, located in Niles, Ohio. Also known as the McKinley Memorial Library, Museum & Birthplace Home, the memorial is a marble monum ...

Niles, Ohio Niles is a city in southern Trumbull County, Ohio, United States, situated at the confluence of the Mahoning River and Mosquito Creek. The city's population was 18,443 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan a ...

, 1917 *Nova Scotia Highland soldier, Cenotaph, Chester, Nova Scotia, 1922 *

Philip Schuyler Philip John Schuyler (; November 18, 1804) was an American general in the Revolutionary War and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is usually known as Philip J. Schuyler. Born in Alba ...

, 1925 *

, Cenotaph, Grand Parade, Nova Scotia, 1929 *Nova Scotia Highland soldier, Cenotaph,

, 1929 *

, Nova Scotia, 1931

Fountains

Corning Fountain, Bushnell Park, Hartford CT

*"Rufus H. King Memorial Fountain", Washington Park,

, 1893: the theme, specified by King's son, J. Howard King: Moses strikes the rock at Horeb * Corning Fountain,

Bushnell Park Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut is the oldest publicly funded park in the United States. It was conceived by the Reverend Horace Bushnell in the mid-1850s at a time when the need for open public spaces was just starting to be recognized. T ...

, 1899 bronze and granite, the fountain is 30 feet tall, with a statue of a deer in the middle surrounded by figures of Saukiog Indians, Hartford's first inhabitants. *"Fountain of Apollo",

Lakewood, New Jersey Lakewood Township is the most populous township in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. A rapidly growing community as of the 2020 U.S. census, the township had a total population of 135,158 representing an increase of 41,415 (+45.5% ...

, 1902 *

Erskine Memorial Fountain The Erskine Memorial Fountain is a public fountain in Grant Park of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Designed by J. Massey Rhind in honor of John Erskine, it was the first public fountain in Atlanta. The fountain was built in 1896 and moved ...

Atlanta Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 ...

, Georgia, 1896

Architectural sculpture

New Haven County Court House

New Haven County New Haven County is a county in the south central part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. As of the 2020 census, the population was 864,835, making it the third-most populous county in Connecticut. Two of the state's top 5 largest cities, New ...

Court House,

New Haven, Connecticut New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut and is part of the New York City metropolitan area. With a population of 134,02 ...

, 1914 (Architects: William Allen and Richard Williams), facing the

New Haven Green The New Haven Green is a privately owned park and recreation area located in the downtown district of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. It comprises the central square of the nine-square settlement plan of the original Puritan colonists in New ...

Shelby County Court House

* Shelby County Court House,

Memphis, Tennessee Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Shelby County in the southwest part of the state; it is situated along the Mississippi River. With a population of 633,104 at the 2020 U.S. census, Memphis is the second-mos ...

, 1906–1909 (architects,

James Gamble Rogers James Gamble Rogers (March 3, 1867 – October 1, 1947) was an American architect. A proponent of what came to be known as Collegiate Gothic architecture, he is best known for his academic commissions at Yale University, Columbia Univer ...

and H. D. Hale) Image:JMR-Memphis1.jpg, Justice Image:JMR-Memphis4.jpg, Authority Image:JMRMemphis11.jpg, Wisdom

Detroit

Image:JMRWayneCoBldg2.jpg, Wayne County Building
Detroit Image:JMRDetroit4.jpg, Wayne County Building
Detroit Image:JMRWayneCoBldg3.jpg, Wayne County Building
Detroit

Other

File:Cable Building entrance detail.jpg, The Cable Building (New York City) File:Rhind sculpture at Princeton.jpg, Alexander Hall sculpture, 1892,

Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...

File:182 Main Street Brattleboro detail.jpg, "Progress Lighting the Way for Commerce", designed for

Montgomery Ward Montgomery Ward is the name of two successive U.S. retail corporations. The original Montgomery Ward & Co. was a world-pioneering mail-order business and later also a leading department store chain that operated between 1872 and 2001. The curren ...

*Alexander Memorial Hall,

Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of whi ...

, 1892 * The Cable Building, 611 Broadway at Houston Street, New York City, 1894 *

American Surety Building The American Surety Building (also known as the Bank of Tokyo Building or 100 Broadway) is an office building and early skyscrapers, early skyscraper at Pine Street and Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financi ...

(now Bank of Tokyo), 100 Broadway, figures at 3rd floor level, New York, 1895 (Architect:

Bruce Price Bruce Price (December 12, 1845 – May 29, 1903) was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style. The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park, New York, influenced Modernist architects, including ...

) *Astor Memorial Doors,

, 1896 *East Pyne, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1896 *"Victory" and "Peace",

Grant's Tomb Grant's Tomb, officially the General Grant National Memorial, is the final resting place of Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president of the United States, and his wife, Julia Grant. It is a classical domed mausoleum in the Morningside Heights neighborho ...

, New York City, 1897 *Macy's

caryatid A caryatid ( or or ; grc, Καρυᾶτις, pl. ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term ''karyatides'' literally means "ma ...

s, Macy's Department Store Building, New York City, 1901 *"Victory" and "Progress", quadrigas (but with three horses instead of four),

Wayne County Building The Wayne County Building is a monumental government structure located at 600 Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It formerly contained the Wayne County administrative offices – now located in the Guardian Building at 500 Griswold ...

, Detroit, Michigan, 1904 *United States Courthouse and Post Office,

Indianapolis Indianapolis (), colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion ...

, Indiana, 1904 * Shelby County Court House,

, 1906–1909 *Federal Building,

Providence, Rhode Island Providence is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. One of the oldest cities in New England, it was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay ...

, 1908 *"Apollo" and "Minerva"

Butler Institute of American Art The Butler Institute of American Art, located on Wick Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, was the first museum dedicated exclusively to American art. Established by local industrialist and philanthropist Joseph G. Butler, Jr., the museum h ...

, Youngstown, Ohio

References

;Notes ;Bibliography *Cantor, Laurel M., ''Spires of Princeton University: An architectural tour of the campus'', Office of Communications/Publications, Stanhope Hall, Princeton University *Caffin, Charles H., ''American Masters of Sculpture'', Doubleday, Page & Company, New York 1913 *Craven, Wayne, ''The Sculpture at Gettysburg'', Eastern Acorn Press,

Eastern National Park and Monument Association Eastern National (also known as EN) is a nonprofit Cooperating Association based in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, that partners with the National Park Service in the United States. It was created by charter in 1948 to "provide quality educati ...

, 1982 *Hawthorne, Frederick W., ''Gettysburg: Stories of Men and Monuments'', The Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides, 1988 *Kvaran and Lockley, ''Guide to the Architectural Sculpture in America'', unpublished manuscript *Mackay, James, ''The Dictionary of Sculptors in Bronze'', Antique Collectors Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk 1977 *McSpadden, J. Walker, ''Famous Sculptors of America'', Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc. New York 1924 *Murdock, Myrtle Cheney, National Statuary Hall in the Nation's Capitol, Monumental Press, Inc., Washington D.C., 1955 *Nawrocki, Dennis Alan and Thomas J. Holleman, ''Art in Detroit Public Places'', Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1980 *Opitz, Glenn B, Editor, ''Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers'', Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986 *Thurkow, Fearn, ''Newark's Sculpture: A Survey of Public Monuments and Memorial Statuary'', The Newark Museum Quarterly, Newark Museum Association, Winter 1975 *Whittmore, Frances Davis, ''George Washington in Sculpture'', Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1933

External links

gettysburg sculptures Massey Rhind
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Rhind, J. Massey 1860 births 1936 deaths American architectural sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century American male artists American male sculptors Scottish emigrants to the United States Artists from Edinburgh Scottish sculptors Scottish male sculptors 19th-century British sculptors 20th-century American sculptors People from Closter, New Jersey National Sculpture Society members 20th-century American male artists