HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Italian irredentism in Corsica was a cultural and historical movement promoted by Italians and by people from
Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast o ...
who identified themselves as part of Italy rather than France, and promoted the
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...
annexation of the island.


History

Corsica was part of the
Republic of Genoa The Republic of Genoa ( lij, Repúbrica de Zêna ; it, Repubblica di Genova; la, Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the 11th century to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast. During the La ...
for centuries until 1768, when the Republic ceded the island to France, one year before the birth of
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
in the capital city of
Ajaccio Ajaccio (, , ; French: ; it, Aiaccio or ; co, Aiacciu , locally: ; la, Adiacium) is a French commune, prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud, and head office of the '' Collectivité territoriale de Corse'' (capital city of Corsica ...
. Under France, the use of Corsican (a regional tongue which is closely related to
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...
) has gradually declined in favour of the standard
French language French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in No ...
.
Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( , ;In his native Ligurian language, he is known as ''Gioxeppe Gaibado''. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as ''Jousé'' or ''Josep''. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patr ...
called for the inclusion of the "Corsican Italians" within Italy when
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (Romulus and Remus, legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg ...
was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, but
Victor Emmanuel II en, Victor Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas , house = Savoy , father = Charles Albert of Sardinia , mother = Maria Theresa of Austria , religion = Roman Catholicism , image_size = 252px , succession1 ...
did not agree to it. The course of Italian irredentism did not affect Corsica very much, and only during the Fascist rule of
Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
were the first organizations strongly promoting the unification of the island to the Kingdom of Italy founded. Before World War I in
Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (prono ...
, professor Francesco Guerri founded the review ''Corsica antica e moderna'', inspired on the ''Archivio storico di Corsica'' of
Gioacchino Volpe Gioacchino Volpe (16 February 1876 – 1 October 1971) was an Italian historian and, during the years between the two world wars, a politician. Biography Born in Paganica, Volpe graduated in Letters at the University of Pisa, and in 1906 he beca ...
. Petru Rocca created in the 1920s the ''Partito autonomista'' (Autonomist Party) of Corsica, of which he was the leader, with the support of monsignor Domenico Parlotti and dr. Croce, director of the "Archivi di Stato della Corsica". Before and during World War II, some Corsican intellectuals staged pro-Italian propaganda and cultural activities in Italy (mainly in the ''Gruppi di Cultura Corsa'' "Corsican culture Associations"). These included Marco Angeli, Bertino Poli, Marchetti, Luccarotti, Grimaldi, and finally Petru Giovacchini, who was later proposed as a possible governor of Corsica in case Italy had annexed it. The most renowned was
Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini (french: Pierre Giovacchini, it, Pietro Giovacchini; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Gi ...
, who considered
Pasquale Paoli Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli (; french: link=no, Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican patriot, statesman, and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later ...
(the hero of Corsica) as the precursor of Corsican irredentism in favor of the unification of the island to Italy. The "Gruppi di Cultura Corsa" of Giovacchini reached a membership of 72,000 members by 1940, according to the historian R.H. Rainero. In November 1942 the VII Army Corps of the
Regio Esercito The Royal Italian Army ( it, Regio Esercito, , Royal Army) was the land force of the Kingdom of Italy, established with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. During the 19th century Italy started to unify into one country, and in 1861 Manfre ...
occupied Corsica as part of the German-led response to the Allied landings in Africa, leaving the island still under the formal sovereignty of Vichy France. Because of the lack of partisan resistance at first, and to avoid problems with Marshal
Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of Worl ...
, no Corsican units were formed under Italian control (except for a labour battalion formed in March 1943). However, a Resistance movement based on local inhabitants loyal to France and boosted by Free French leaders developed, opposing the irredentist propaganda and the Italian occupation, and was repressed by the fascist forces and subsequently by German troops. Some irredentist Corsican military officials collaborated with Italy, including the retired Major Pantalacci (and his son Antonio), colonel Mondielli and colonel Petru Simone Cristofini (and his wife, the first Corsican female journalist Marta Renucci). After
Free French forces __NOTOC__ The French Liberation Army (french: Armée française de la Libération or AFL) was the reunified French Army that arose from the merging of the Armée d'Afrique with the prior Free French Forces (french: Forces françaises libres, l ...
and Resistance forces, together with some Italian troops who sided with the Allies, retook Corsica, Petru Cristofini was executed in 1943. Petru Giovacchini was also condemned to death, but fled to Italy where he found refuge until his death in 1955. Italian irredentism as an active movement in Corsica essentially died out with him.


Pietro Cristofini

Colonel Pietro Cristofini (or Petru Simon Cristofini) was born in Calenzana (near Calvi, Corsica) on 26 May 1903 and in 1939 became a captain of the 3rd Algerian Fusiliers regiment. He was initially a supporter of Pétain. After the Allied occupation of French North Africa he commanded the '' Phalange Africaine''. In
Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...
, he was wounded in one eye and then, before returning to Corsica, met
Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
in Rome. He was a supporter of the union of Corsica to Italy and defended irredentist ideals. He actively collaborated with Italian forces in Corsica during the first months of 1943. In the island he worked with
Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini (french: Pierre Giovacchini, it, Pietro Giovacchini; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Gi ...
(the possible governor of Corsica if the
Axis An axis (plural ''axes'') is an imaginary line around which an object rotates or is symmetrical. Axis may also refer to: Mathematics * Axis of rotation: see rotation around a fixed axis *Axis (mathematics), a designator for a Cartesian-coordinate ...
had won the war). Cristofini, as head of the Ajaccio troops, helped the Italian Army to repress the Resistance opposition in Corsica before the Italian Armistice in September 1943. He was put on trial for treason after the Allies retook Corsica, and sentenced to death. He tried to kill himself, and was executed while suffering from his wounds in November 1943. His wife, Marta Renucci, was sentenced in 1946 to 15 years of jail in
Algiers Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques d ...
for supporting irredentism and for collaborating with Italian fascism, but served only a reduced sentence.


Language

While Corsican was spoken at home as a local vernacular, Italian had been the public and literary language on the island until the first half of the 19th century,. The
Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princi ...
, written in 1755 for the short-lived
Corsican Republic In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic ( it, Repubblica Corsa), independent from the Republic of Genoa. He created the Corsican Constitution, which was the first constitution written in Ital ...
, was written in Italian and Paoli proclaimed Italian as the sole official language of Corsica. Italian had been the prestige language in Corsica until the end of the 19th century. Even Paoli's second Corsican Constitution, for the
Anglo-Corsican Kingdom The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom ( Italian: ''Regno Anglo-Corso''; Corsican: ''Riame anglo-corsu'', ''Riamu anglu-corsu''), also known as the Kingdom of Corsica ( Italian: ''Regno di Corsica''; Corsican: ''Regnu di Corsica''), was a client state of ...
in 1794, was in Italian. In the second half of the 19th century French replaced Italian, mainly because of
Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
. Corsican started to be used by Corsican intellectuals. The modern varieties of Corsican (''corsu'') are directly related to the Tuscan dialect of
Pisa Pisa ( , or ) is a city and ''comune'' in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower, the city ...
, an Italian city that dominated the island before
Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Ge ...
. In the north of the island ( Calvi), there was also a local dialect (now nearly extinct) very similar to medieval Genoese. In the mountainous interior of Corsica, many villagers have some proficiency of Corsican, a medieval Pisan
lect In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called an isolect or lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meecham, Ma ...
. The extreme similarity of Corsican to Italian, because of their common Tuscan origin, can be seen in an example phrase: "I was born in Corsica and I spent there the best years of my youth". ''Sò natu in Corsica è v'aghju passatu i megli anni di a mio ghjuventù'' (Corsican);
''Sono nato in Corsica e vi ho passato i migliori anni della mia gioventù'' (Italian);
''Je suis né en Corse et j'y ai passé les meilleurs années de ma jeunesse'' (French). Nearly 12% of Corsicans can speak
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...
nowadays, while three-quarters understand it thanks to the television programmes from Italy. The irredentist Marco Angeli di Sartèna wrote the first book in Corsican (titled ''Terra còrsa'') in 1924 and many lyrics (titled ''Malincunie'') in
Ajaccio Ajaccio (, , ; French: ; it, Aiaccio or ; co, Aiacciu , locally: ; la, Adiacium) is a French commune, prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud, and head office of the '' Collectivité territoriale de Corse'' (capital city of Corsica ...
. He created and wrote the newspaper «Gioventù» of the ''Partito Corso d'azione'' ("Corsican Action Party"), partially in Italian and Corsican.


Pasquale Paoli and Italian irredentism

Pasquale Paoli Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli (; french: link=no, Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican patriot, statesman, and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later ...
was considered by
Niccolò Tommaseo Niccolò Tommaseo (; 9 October 1802 – 1 May 1874) was a Dalmatian linguist, journalist and essayist, the editor of a ''Dizionario della Lingua Italiana'' in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works. He is ...
, who collected his ''Lettere'' (Letters), as one of the precursors of Italian
irredentism Irredentism is usually understood as a desire that one state annexes a territory of a neighboring state. This desire is motivated by ethnic reasons (because the population of the territory is ethnically similar to the population of the parent sta ...
. The ''Babbu di a Patria'' ("Homeland's father"), as Pasquale Paoli was nicknamed by the Corsican separatists, wrote in his Letters N. Tommaseo. "Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli" (in Archivio storico italiano, 1st series, vol. XI). the following message in 1768 against the French: "We are Corsicans by birth and feelings, but first of all we feel Italian by language, roots, customs, traditions and all the Italians are all brothers for History and for God.... As Corsicans we do not want to be slaves nor "rebels" and as Italians we have the right to be treated like all the other Italian brothers.... Either we'll be free or we'll be nothing.... Either we'll win or we'll die (against the French) with our weapons in our hands.... The war against France is just and holy as the name of God is holy and just, and here on our mountains will appear for all Italy the sun of liberty." ("''Siamo còrsi per nascita e sentimento ma prima di tutto ci sentiamo italiani per lingua, origini, costumi, tradizioni e gli italiani sono tutti fratelli e solidali di fronte alla storia e di fronte a Dio… Come còrsi non vogliamo essere né schiavi né "ribelli" e come italiani abbiamo il diritto di trattare da pari con gli altri fratelli d’Italia… O saremo liberi o non saremo niente… O vinceremo con l’onore o soccomberemo (contro i francesi) con le armi in mano... La guerra con la Francia è giusta e santa come santo e giusto è il nome di Dio, e qui sui nostri monti spunterà per l’Italia il sole della libertà…''") Pasquale Paoli wanted the Italian language to be the official language of his Corsican Republic. His
Corsican Constitution The first Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1755 for the short-lived Corsican Republic independent from Genoa beginning in 1755, and remained in force until the annexation of Corsica by France in 1769. It was written in Tuscan Italian, the l ...
of 1755 was in Italian and was used as a model for the
American constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the nationa ...
of 1787. Furthermore, in 1765 Paoli founded in the city of Corte the first University of Corsica (where the teaching was done in Italian).


Literature

The , promoted by the Corsican Italians, had been the language of culture in Corsica since the
Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...
. Many Corsican authors wrote an extensive literature in Italian in the last centuries. In the 14th century there was ''La Cronica'' of Giovanni della Grossa (1388-1464), Pier Antonio Monteggiani (1464-1525) and Marcantoni Ceccaldi (1526-1559). ''Storia di Corsica'' was published in 1594 by Anton Pietro Filippini. In the 15th and 16th centuries there were Ignazio Cardini (1566-1602), Pietro Cirneo (1447-1507), Guiglielmo Guglielmi di Orezza (1644-1728) with ''A Malannata'' and ''Ottave giocose''. In the 18th century, the ''Accademia dei Vagabondi'' was founded in
Bastia Bastia (, , , ; co, Bastìa ) is a commune in the department of Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It also has the second-highest population of any commune on the i ...
, following the model of the Italian "Accademie". Angelo Francesco Colonna wrote ''Commentario delle glorie e prerogative del Regno e Popoli di Corsica'' in 1685. During the Corsican Republic of Pasquale Paoli, there were Giulio Matteo Natali (''Disinganno intorno alla Guerra de Corsica'' in 1736), Don Gregorio Salvini (''Giustificazione della Revoluzione di Corsica (1758-1764)'') and the same
Pasquale Paoli Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli (; french: link=no, Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican patriot, statesman, and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later ...
(''Corrispondenza'', published only in 1846). During the 19th century in Bastia, Salvatore Viale wrote ''La Dionomachia'' in 1817, ''Canti popolari corsi'' in 1843 and ''Dell'uso della lingua patria in Corsica'' in 1858. Many Corsican authors (who wrote in Italian) were influenced by the ideals of the Italian
Risorgimento The unification of Italy ( it, Unità d'Italia ), also known as the ''Risorgimento'' (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single ...
during the second half of the 19th century, such as Giuseppe Multado, Gian Paolo Borghetti, Francesco Ottaviano Renucci (''Storia della Corsica dal 1789 al 1830'' and ''Novelle storiche corse''). Even the Italian
Niccolò Tommaseo Niccolò Tommaseo (; 9 October 1802 – 1 May 1874) was a Dalmatian linguist, journalist and essayist, the editor of a ''Dizionario della Lingua Italiana'' in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works. He is ...
collected the ''Canti popolari corsi'' (with points of view of Italian irredentism) and made a compilation of the letters (''Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli'') of Pasquale Paoli. Santu Casanova founded the famous literary review ''A Tramuntana'' (published in Ajaccio between 1896 and 1914) and wrote in Italian ''Meraviglioso testamento di Francesco'' in 1875 and ''La morte ed il funerale di Spanetto'' in 1892. He is considered the link between the old generations of Corsican writers who wrote in Italian language and the new ones, who started to use the
Corsican language Corsican (''corsu'' , ; full name: ''lingua corsa'' , ) is a Romance language constituted by the continuum of the Italo-Romance dialects spoken on the Mediterranean island of Corsica ( France) and on the northern end of the island of Sardinia ...
. During the first half of the 20th century, the most important Corsican publication in Italian was the literary review ''A Muvra'' of Petru Rocca. Other Corsican authors in Italian were Domenicu Versini (nicknamed ''Maistrale''), Matteu Rocca (''I lucchetti'' in 1925), Dumenicu Carlotti (''Pampame corse'' in 1926), Ageniu Grimaldi and Ugo Babbiziu (''Una filza di francesismi colti nelle parlate dialettali corse'' in 1930). The Corsican Italians who promoted the ideal of Corsican irredentism published mainly in Italy, because of the persecutions from the French regime in the island in the first half of the 20th century. Thus,
Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini (french: Pierre Giovacchini, it, Pietro Giovacchini; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Gi ...
wrote the poems ''Musa Canalinca'' and ''Rime notturne'' in 1933 in Corsica, but successively wrote and published ''Aurore, poesie corse'', ''Corsica Nostra'' and ''Archiatri pontifici corsi'' in
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (Romulus and Remus, legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg ...
(the last, while he was in exile in 1951, a few years before his premature death). The irredentist Marco Angeli published in
Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has ...
''Gigli di Stagnu'' and ''Liriche corse'' in 1934 and Bertino Poli wrote ''Il pensiero irredentista corso e le sue polemiche'' in
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico a ...
in 1940.


Notable Corsican Italians

Small list of renowned Corsican Italians: * Marco Angeli di Sartèna, founder of newspaper «Gioventù» of the "Partito Corso d'azione" and writer/poet. * Count , aristocrat and politician, and adventurer in the Americas. * Petru Simone Cristofini, irredentist colonel who was executed for treason in 1943. *
Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini (french: Pierre Giovacchini, it, Pietro Giovacchini; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Gi ...
, irredentist candidate for Governor of Italian Corsica during WWII. * , first Corsican female journalist. * Petru Rocca, founder of the ''Partito autonomista'' of Corsica and director of ''A Muvra'' literary review.


See also

*
Corsican people The Corsicans ( Corsican, Italian and Ligurian: ''Corsi''; French: ''Corses'') are a Romance ethnic group. They are native to Corsica, a Mediterranean island and a territorial collectivity of France. Origin The island was populated since ...
*
Petru Giovacchini Petru Giovacchini (french: Pierre Giovacchini, it, Pietro Giovacchini; 1 February 1910 – 29 September 1955) was a Corsican activist, born in Canale-di-Verde to an old family of the Corsican nobility with deep-rooted pro-Italian feelings. Gi ...
*
Italia irredenta Italian irredentism ( it, irredentismo italiano) was a Nationalism, nationalist Political movement, movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Kingdom of Italy, Italy with irredentism, irredentist goals which promoted th ...
*
Italian occupation of Corsica Italian-occupied Corsica refers to the military (and administrative) occupation by the Kingdom of Italy of the island of Corsica during the Second World War, from November 1942 to September 1943. After an initial period of increased control over th ...
*
Italian occupation of France Italian-occupied France (; ) was an area of south-eastern France and Monaco occupied by the Kingdom of Italy between 1940 and 1943 in parallel to the German occupation of France. The occupation had two phases, divided by Case Anton in Novembe ...
*
Pietro Rocca Petru Rocca (french: Pierre Rocca, it, Pietro Rocca; Vico, 1887 - Vico, 1966) was a Corsican politician and writer who supported Corsican independence from France. Initially he advocated regionalism for Corsica within the French state. He briefly ...


References


Bibliography

* Durand, Olivier. ''La lingua còrsa''. Paideia Editrice, Brescia, 2003 * Fusina, Jacques. ''Parlons Corse''. Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1999 * Mastroserio, Giuseppe. ''Petru Giovacchini – Un Patriota esule in Patria''. Editrice Proto. Bari, 2004. * Melillo, A.M. ''Profilo dei dialetti italiani: Corsica''. Pacini Editore. Pisa, 1977. * Rainero, R.H. ''Mussolini e Pétain. Storia dei rapporti tra l’Italia e la Francia di Vichy (10 giugno 1940-8 settembre 1943)''. Ussme Ed. Roma, 1990. * Saint-Blancac, C. ''La Corsica. Identità Etnico-Linguistica e Sviluppo''. CEDAM, Padova, 1993 * Tommaseo, Niccoló. ''Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli''. Archivio storico italiano, 1st series, vol. XI. Roma * Vignoli, Giulio. ''Gli Italiani Dimenticati'' Ed. Giuffè. Roma, 2000 * ''Vita e Tragedia dell'Irredentismo Corso'', Rivista Storia Verità, n.4, 1997 * ''Il Martirio di un irredento: il colonnello Petru Simone Cristofini''. Rivista Storia Verità, n.11, 1998.


External links


Links between Pisa and Corsica (in Italian)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Italian Irredentism In Corsica Ethnic groups in France History of Corsica Italian irredentism Society of Italy France–Italy relations Political controversies in Italy