Israel Knohl ( he, ישראל קנוהל; born 13 March 1952) is an Israeli Bible scholar and historian. He is the

Yehezkel Kaufmann Yehezkel Kaufmann (Hebrew: יחזקאל קויפמן; also: Yeḥezqêl Qâufman; Yeḥezḳel Ḳoyfman; Jehezqël Kaufmann) (1889 – 9 October 1963) was an Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar associated with the Hebrew University. His ma ...

Professor of

Biblical studies Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible (the Old Testament and New Testament).''Introduction to Biblical Studies, Second Edition'' by Steve Moyise (Oct 27, 2004) pages 11–12 For ...

at the

Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; he, הַאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה הַעִבְרִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם) is a public university, public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein ...

and a Senior Fellow at

Shalom Hartman Institute Shalom Hartman Institute is a Jewish research and education institute based in Jerusalem, that offers pluralistic Jewish thought and education to scholars, rabbis, educators, and Jewish community leaders in Israel and North America. The institute' ...

in Jerusalem. His books deal with the integration of scientific and archaeological discoveries with the biblical account, early Israelite beliefs, a survey of Israelite cult, and how and where the Israelites originated.

Biography

Israel Knohl was born in Giv'at Aliyah, Israel. After serving in the

Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; he, צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branch ...

(IDF) he completed a Bachelor's degree in the Talmud Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. For his graduate work he switched to the Bible Department and completed his PhD in 1988 under the supervision of Moshe Greenberg, with a dissertation on the relationship between the Pentateuchal

Priestly source The Priestly source (or simply P) is perhaps the most widely recognized of the sources underlying the Torah. It is both stylistically and theologically distinct from other material in the Torah, and includes a set of claims that are contradicted b ...

and the

Holiness code The Holiness code is used in biblical criticism to refer to Leviticus chapters 17–26, and sometimes passages in other books of the Pentateuch, especially Numbers and Exodus. It is so called due to its highly repeated use of the word ''holy'' ...

. Knohl lives in

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

and is the father of the three children. His brother, Elyashiv Knohl, was the rabbi of Kibbutz

Kfar Etzion Kfar Etzion ( he, כְּפַר עֶצְיוֹן, ''lit.'' Etzion Village) is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank, organized as a religious kibbutz located in the Judean Hills between Jerusalem and Hebron in the southern West Bank, establishe ...

Academic career

Following a postdoctoral fellowship at Princeton he joined the faculty of the Bible Department at Hebrew University, where he served as the Chair of the Department from 1999-2001. Presently he is the

Professor of

at the

and a Senior Fellow at

in Jerusalem. He has served as a visiting professor at Berkeley, Stanford, Chicago Divinity School, and Harvard.

Views and opinions

Knohl identifies as a religious Jew and claims that biblical criticism is not necessarily at odds with traditional Jewish beliefs. He points out that the view that the Pentateuch was composed by multiple authors is supported by a number of Jewish authors, beginning in the Bible itself, and culminating with Abraham ibn Ezra and

Hasidei Ashkenaz The Hasidim of Ashkenaz ( he, חסידי אשכנז, trans. ''Khasidei Ashkenaz''; "German Pietists") were a Jewish mystical, ascetic movement in the German Rhineland during the 12th and 13th centuries. Background The leaders of the community ...

Published works

Knohl's first book, ''The Sanctuary of Silence,'' was originally published in Hebrew. Based on his doctoral dissertation, it relates to his theories about the dating of the

. Knohl proposes that the Priestly source (P) dates from a much earlier period than is usually assumed and that the

(H) represents an addition to the law code of P, rather than the standard interpretation which is the reverse. Knohl suggests that H might have been inserted into P as a response of the Temple priesthood to the growing prophetic movements. Knohl's view has been widely accepted by scholars, most notably by

Jacob Milgrom Jacob Milgrom (February 1, 1923 – June 5, 2010) was a prominent American Jewish Bible scholar and Conservative rabbi. Milgrom's major contribution to biblical research was in the field of cult and worship. Although he accepted the documentary h ...

in his influential commentary on Leviticus. The book won the Shkop Prize for the best work in biblical literature.

''The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls''

Knohl is best known for his theory that Jewish culture contained a myth about a

messiah In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias (; , ; , ; ) is a saviour or liberator of a group of people. The concepts of '' mashiach'', messianism, and of a Messianic Age originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible, in which a ''mashia ...

who rose from the dead in the days before

Jesus of Nazareth Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...

. One of the historical antecedents of this messianic figure is Menahem the Essene who is mentioned several times in

rabbinic literature Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writ ...

. Those theories are expounded in ''The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls'' (University of California Press, 2000). He also finds evidence of this belief in the

Dead Sea Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish and Hebrew religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 at the Qumran Caves in what was then Mandatory Palestine, near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the nor ...

, although his interpretation of the partially preserve
Self-Glorification hymn
upon which his theory relies is not universally accepted. In 2007, after researching the Gabriel Revelation inscription, Knohl claimed that it supported his contention of a murdered Messiah resurrected after three days, he based himself primarily on the words לשלושת ימין חאיה (after three days he will live) in the inscription. This reading was controversial and Knohl later recanted in favor of the more accepted לשלושת ימין האות (after three days there will be a sign). His ideas about the messiah-myth were reviewed extensively in the popular press, including the ''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

'', and ''Time'' magazine.

''Where are We From?''

In ''Where are We From?'' Knohl presents his theory of Israelite beginnings. According to the subtitle the purpose of the book is to crack the genetic code of the Hebrew Bible, or more specifically to address questions regarding the genesis of the Jewish people, the root of its belief system, and how its laws and traditions originated. Knohl bases himself on archaeological evidence and a critical reading of the biblical text. He claims that the Israelites became a nation in the 12th century BCE through the intertwining of three ethnically related groups, and that the Bible represents an integration of the beliefs of these groups. The first group is the

Hyksos Hyksos (; Egyptian language, Egyptian ''wikt:ḥqꜣ, ḥqꜣ(w)-wikt:ḫꜣst, ḫꜣswt'', Egyptological pronunciation: ''hekau khasut'', "ruler(s) of foreign lands") is a term which, in modern Egyptology, designates the kings of the Fifteenth ...

, who were originally Canaanite slaves who then assimilated into the Egyptian population and ruled the country for 100 years beginning in 1638 BCE. This group was banished from Egypt in the 15th century BCE after the fall of their dynasty. It is from this group that the stories about Joseph’s greatness originated, as well as the idea of Israelite banishment from Egypt. One also finds abnormal descriptions of climate, such as the Nile turning into blood, in Egyptian sources such as the

Ipuwer Papyrus The Ipuwer Papyrus (officially Papyrus Leiden I 344 ''recto'') is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus made during the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and now held in the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Netherlands. It contains the ...

. Other sources for our knowledge of the Hyksos, according to Knohl, include Jewish historian

Josephus Flavius Josephus (; grc-gre, Ἰώσηπος, ; 37 – 100) was a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader, best known for '' The Jewish War'', who was born in Jerusalem—then part of Roman Judea—to a father of priestly ...

’ book ''

Against Apion ''Against Apion'' ( el, Φλαΐου Ἰωσήπου περὶ ἀρχαιότητος Ἰουδαίων λόγος α and ; Latin ''Contra Apionem'' or ''In Apionem'') is a polemical work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism as a ...

.'' The myth of Abraham and his journey to Canaan originated, according to Knohl, with a group that immigrated from

Mitanni Mitanni (; Hittite cuneiform ; ''Mittani'' '), c. 1550–1260 BC, earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts, c. 1600 BC; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat (''Hanikalbat'', ''Khanigalbat'', cuneiform ') in Assyrian records, or ''Naharin'' in ...

following the fall of this kingdom at the hands of

Shalmaneser I Shalmaneser I (𒁹𒀭𒁲𒈠𒉡𒊕 md''sál-ma-nu-SAG'' ''Salmanu-ašared''; 1273–1244 BC or 1265–1235 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire. Son of Adad-nirari I, he succeeded his father as king in 1265 BC. Accord ...

. A third group were slaves that escaped from Egypt and they were responsible for perpetuating the myth of Israelite slavery in Egypt, the construction of the cities

Pithom Pithom ( Ancient Egyptian: ; Hebrew: ; Ancient Greek: or ) was an ancient city of Egypt. Multiple references in ancient Greek, Roman, and Hebrew Bible sources exist for this city, but its exact location remains somewhat uncertain. A number ...

and Ramses, and the experience of running away from Egypt. According to Knohl, this third group the Apiru (related to the word Hebrew) escaped from Egypt in the year 1208 BCE during the reign of Pharaoh Merneptah, the son of

Ramses II Ramesses II ( egy, wikt:rꜥ-ms-sw, rꜥ-ms-sw ''Rīʿa-məsī-sū'', , meaning "Ra is the one who bore him"; ), commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Along with Thutmose III he is oft ...

who built the city of Ramses. According to Knohl it was this group of escaped slaves that brought with them the idea of

monotheism Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford ...

, which was conceived by Pharaoh

Akhenaten Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, ( egy, ꜣḫ-n-jtn ''ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy'', , meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth D ...

. On their way to Canaan the Apiru passed through

Midian Midian (; he, מִדְיָן ''Mīḏyān'' ; ar, مَدْيَن, Madyan; grc-gre, Μαδιάμ, ''Madiam'') is a geographical place mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and Quran. William G. Dever states that biblical Midian was in the "northwest Ar ...

and accepted

Yahweh Yahweh *''Yahwe'', was the national god of ancient Israel and Judah. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early Iron Age, and likely to the Late Bronze Age if not somewhat earlier, and in the oldest biblical literature he poss ...

as the name of their God, as well as the tradition of not representing God through images or statues. According to Knohl’s calculation the time that elapsed from the beginning of the Hyksos dynasty until the escape of the Apiru was exactly 430 years, which coincides with time of the Israelite sojourn in Egypt according to Exodus 12:41.

''How the Bible was Born''

In his 2018 book ''How the Bible was Born'' Knohl advanced a new theory about

the Exodus The Exodus (Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, ''Yeẓi’at Miẓrayim'': ) is the founding myth of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four books of the Torah (or Pentateuch, corresponding to the first five books of the Bible), namely ...

, proposing an identification between

Moses Moses hbo, מֹשֶׁה, Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, ); syr, ܡܘܫܐ, Mūše; ar, موسى, Mūsā; grc, Mωϋσῆς, Mōÿsēs () is considered the most important pro ...

and

Irsu Irsu ( egy, jr- sw, "he who made himself"; alternatively Su) is the name used in Papyrus Harris I to designate a Khasu who became overlord of a group of local rulers nominally under Egyptian control, at a time of unrest between the Nineteenth a ...

. According to

Papyrus Harris I Papyrus Harris I is also known as the Great Harris Papyrus and (less accurately) simply the Harris Papyrus (though there are a number of other papyri in the Harris collection). Its technical designation is ''Papyrus British Museum EA 9999''. At 41 ...

and the Elephantine Stele, Irsu was a

Shasu The Shasu ( from Egyptian ''šꜣsw'', probably pronounced ''Shasw'') were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Southern Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age or the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. They were organized in cla ...

who took power in Egypt with the support of "Asiatics" (people from the

Levant The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is eq ...

) after the death of Queen

Twosret Twosret, also spelled ''Tawosret'' or ''Tausret'' (d. 1189 BC conventional chronology) was the last known ruler and the final pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She is recorded in Manetho's Epitome as a certain ''Thuoris, who in Home ...

; after coming to power, Irsu and his supporters disrupted Egyptian rituals, "treating the gods like the people" and halting offerings to the Egyptian deities. They were eventually defeated and expelled by the new Pharaoh

Setnakhte Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte (also called Setnakht or Sethnakht) was the first pharaoh (1180s BC, 1189 BC–1180s BC, 1186 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt and the father of Rame ...

and, while fleeing, they abandoned large quantities of gold and silver they had stolen from the temples. It was originally thought that Irsu was

Chancellor Bay Bay, also called Ramesse Khamenteru (died 1192 BC), was an important Asiatic official in ancient Egypt, who rose to prominence and high office under Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre and later became an influential powerbroker in the closing stages ...

, a prominent Asiatic officer who rose to power during the reign of Pharaoh

Seti II Seti II (or Sethos II) was the fifth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt and reigned from 1203 BC to 1197 BC. His throne name, Userkheperure Setepenre, means "Powerful are the manifestations of Re, the chosen one of Re." H ...

and later attempted to usurped the throne; however, an IFAO Ostracon no. 1864 found at

Deir el-Medina Deir el-Medina ( arz, دير المدينة), or Dayr al-Madīnah, is an ancient Egyptian workmen's village which was home to the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the 18th to 20th Dynasties of the New Kingdom ...

in 2000 states that Bay was executed during the reign of Pharaoh

Siptah Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merenptah Siptah was the penultimate ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His father's identity is currently unknown. Both Seti II and Amenmesse have been suggested although the fact that Siptah later changed his r ...

, well before Irsu's action, thus ruling out such identification. According to Knohl, the Elephantine Stele and Papyrus Harris I may be the Egyptian propagandistic version of the Exodus story and Irsu may be Moses: in support of his theory, he notes that the Book of Exodus states that, while leaving, the Israelites had plundered the Egyptians, that the Israelites left Egypt in arms and that the

Pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the ...

was afraid of a possible alliance between the Israelites and Egypt's enemies. Knohl also notes that a similar version of the story can be found in

Manetho Manetho (; grc-koi, Μανέθων ''Manéthōn'', ''gen''.: Μανέθωνος) is believed to have been an Ancient Egyptian religion, Egyptian priest from Sebennytos ( cop, Ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ, translit=Čemnouti) who lived in the Ptolemaic Ki ...

's '' Aegyptiaca'', which speaks of a leader named Osarseph who had overthrown the legitimate Pharaoh of Egypt leading a group of

lepers Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria ''Mycobacterium leprae'' or '' Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve damag ...

and in alliance with the

, before being eventually expelled from Egypt and changing his name into Moses.

Books

*''The Conception of God and Cult in the Priestly Torah and in the Holiness School'', (Doctoral Dissertation, 1988). *''The Sanctuary of Silence: The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School'', (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992. Hebrew. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995. English). *''The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls'', (Jerusalem: Schocken Press, 2000. Hebrew. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. English). *''The Divine Symphony: The Bible's Many Voices'', (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2003). *''Biblical Beliefs: The Borders of the Biblical Revolution'', (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2007). Hebrew. *''Where Are We From?: The Genetic Code of the Bible'', (Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2008). Hebrew. *''Messiahs and Resurrection in 'The Gabriel Revelation'', (London: Continuum, 2009). *''Ha-Shem: The Secret Numbers of the Hebrew Bible and the Mystery of the Exodus from Egypt'', (Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2012). Hebrew *''How the Bible was Born'' (Kinneret - Dvir, Modi'in, 2018). Hebrew. *''The Messiah Controversy: Who Are the Jews Waiting For?'' (מחלוקת המשיח), (Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2019). Hebrew.

Articles

* 'The Acceptance of Sacrifices from Gentiles', ''

Tarbiẕ Tarbiẕ () was a scientific quarterly of contemporary Jewish studies, Humanities and religion, published in Hebrew, by the Institute of Jewish Studies (now ''Mandel Institute for Jewish Studies'') at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The journ ...

'', 48 (1979), pp. 341–345 (Heb.) * 'A Parasha Concerned with Accepting the Kingdom of Heaven', ''

'', 53 (1983), pp. 11–32 (Heb.) * 'The Priestly Torah Versus the Holiness School: Sabbath and the Festivals', ''HUCA'', 58 (1987), pp. 65–118. * ‘The Priestly Torah Versus the Holiness School: Ideological Aspects’, ''Proceedings of the Tenth World Congress'' ''of Jewish Studies'', Jerusalem 1990, pp. 65–118. * 'The Sin-Offering Law in the 'Holiness School', ''

'' 59 (1990), pp. 1–10 (Heb.). * 'Post-Biblical Sectarianism and Priestly Schools of the Pentateuch: The Issue of Popular Participation in the Temple Cult on Festivals', ''

'' 60 (1991), 139-146 (Heb.). * 'נגלות ונסתרות' - 'Uncovering and Concealment of Torah' '' JQR'' Supplement 1994 pp. 99–104. * 'Biblical Attitudes to Gentiles Idolatry' ''

'', 64 (1995), pp. 5–12 (Heb.) * 'Between Voice and Silence: The Relationship between Prayer and Temple Cult' ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 115 (1996) pp. 17–30. * ‘Re-Considering the Dating and recipient of Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Tora’, ''Hebrew Studies'' 37 (1996), pp. 119–125. * ‘In the Face of Death’ in: A. Baumgarten (ed''.), Self, Soul and Body in Religious Experience, Numen Sup.'' 78, Leiden 1998, pp. 87–95. * ‘On “The Son of God”, Armillus and Messiah Son of Joseph’, ''Tarbiz'', 68 (1998), 13-38. * ‘The Guilt Offering of the Holiness School’, ''Vetus Testamentum'', 54 (2004), pp. 516–526. * 'Studies in the ''Gabriel Revelation''', ''

'' 76 (2007), 303-328 * ''"By Three days Live", Messiahs, Resurrection and Ascent to Heaven in ''Hazon Gabriel'', The Journal of Religion'' 88 (2008), 147-158. * 'Coupling of Holiness Concepts and Broadening of Holiness Circles in the Editorial Layer of the Torah', ''Tarbiz'' 78:4 (2009), 9 pp. (Heb.). * '''Sacred'' Architecture: The Numerical Dimensions of Biblical Poems', ''VT'' 62 (2012), pp. 189–97. * 'Psalm 68: Structure, Composition and Geography', ''Journal of Hebrew Scriptures''; (2012), Vol. 12. * 'The Original Version of Deborah's Song and its Numerical Structure', ''VT'' 66 (2016), pp. 45–65. * 'From the Birth of the Bible to the Beginnings of Kabbala', ''Kabala'' 36 (2017), 193-226. * 'Jacob-el in the Land of Esau and the Roots of Biblical Religion', ''VT'' 67 017481-484.

Co-authored articles

* Israel Knohl and S. Talmon, 'A Calendrical Scroll from a Qumran Cave: Mismarot Ba, 4Q431' in: D. Wright, D. N. Freedman and A. Hurvitz (eds.), ''Pomegranates and Golden Bells'', Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1995, pp. 267–301. * Israel Knohl, and S. Talmon 'A Calendrical Scroll from a Qumran Cave 4' in: M. V. Fox et al (eds.) ''Text, Temples, and Traditions'', Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1996, pp. 65–71. * Israel Knohl and S. Naeh, 'Studies in the Priestly Torah: Lev. 7:19-21', in: S. Japhet (ed.), ''The Bible in the Light of its Interpreters,'' Jerusalem 1994, pp. 601–612. * Israel Knohl and S. Naeh, 'Milluim Ve-Kippurim', ''

'', 62 (1992) 17-44 ( Heb.).

Anthologies

* ' From Fear to Love', in: L. Mazor (ed.), ''Job in the Bible, Thought and Art,'' Jerusalem 1995, pp. 89–103 (Heb.). * ‘Human Freedom in the Bible’ in: ''Human Dignity and Freedom in the Jewish Heritage, Proceedings of the President’s Study Group on the Bible and Sources of Judaism'', Jerusalem 1995, pp. 60–70 (Heb.). * ‘Two Aspects of the “Tent of Meeting"', in: M. Cogan, B. Eichler and J. H. Tigay (eds.) ''Tehillah le-Moshe'', Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 1997, pp. 73–79. * ‘Cain – The Forefather of Humanity’, in: C. Cohen et al (eds.), ''Sefer Moshe, The Moshe Weinfeld Jubilee Volume,'' Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana 2004, 63-68. * ‘Religion and Politics in Psalm, in S. M. Paul et al (eds.), ''Emanuel, Studies in Hebrew Bible, Septuagint and Dead Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emanuel Tov,'' Leiden 2003, pp. 725-727. * ‘Sin, Pollution and Purity: Israel', in S. I. Johnston (ed.), ''Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide,'' Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 2004, 502-504. * ‘New Light on the Copper Scroll and 4QMMT’, in: G. J. Brooke and P. R. Davis (eds.), ''Copper Scroll Studies, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series'' 40, Sheffield 2002, pp. 233–257. * ‘Axial Transformations within Ancient Israelite Priesthood’ in: J. P. Arnason, S.N. Eisenstadt, and B. Wittrock (eds.), ''Axial Civilizations and World History'', Brill, Leiden 2004, pp. 199–222. * ‘Cain: Son of God or Son of Satan’, in: N. B. Dohrmann and D. Stern (eds.), ''Jewish Biblical Interpretation in a Comparative Context,'' The University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2008, 37-50. * ‘Nimrod Son of Cush, King of Mesopotamia, and the Dates of P and J’, in: V. A. Hurowitz (ed.) ''Birkat Shalom, S. Paul Jubilee Volume'' . Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 2008, 45-52. * "The Figure of Melchizedek in the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament’ in : R. A. Clements and D. R. Schwartz (eds.), ''Text, Thought and Practice in Qumran and Early Christianity – Proceedings of the Ninth International Orion Symposium,'' Brill, Leiden 2009, 255-266. * 'The Bible Reworked at Qumran: The ''Temple Scroll'' and 4QReworked Pentateuch', in: M. Kister (ed.) ''The Qumran Scrolls and their World,'' Vol. 1, Yad Ben-zvi Press, Jerusalem 2009, 143-156 (Heb.). * God's Victory over ‘The Olden Gods’: Theological Corrections in Deuteronomy 33.12, 27, in: A. Brenner and F. H. Polak (eds.), ''Words, Ideas, Worlds, Biblical Essays in Honour of Yairah Amit,'' Sheffield 2012, 145-149. * 'A Hurrian Myth in a late Jewish Text: Sepher Zerubavel', in: G. Bohak, R. Margolin and I. Rosen – Zvi, (eds.), ''Myth, Ritual and Mysticism,'' Tel Aviv 2014, 73-84 eb. * 'P and the Traditions of Northern Syria and Southern Anatolia' in: F. Landy, L. Trevaskis & B. Bibb (eds.) ''Text, Time, and Temple edited'', Sheffield 2015, 63-69.

References

External links

Homepage at Hebrew University

Homepage at Shalom Hartman Institute

'The Messiah Before Jesus'
at

"Pharaoh’s War with the Israelites: The Untold Story,"
''Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation'' 41 (Summer 2010) *https://huji.academia.edu/israelknohl {{DEFAULTSORT:Knohl, Israel 1952 births Living people 20th-century Jewish biblical scholars 21st-century Jewish biblical scholars Documentary hypothesis Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty Historians of Jews and Judaism Israeli historians Israeli Jews Jewish biblical scholars People from Tel Aviv