HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from Islamic and associated cultural ( Arab,
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
, Turkish) traditions, which are expressed as words in Arabic or
Persian language Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken a ...
. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place. Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts. Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. ''din'' instead of ''deen'' and ''aqidah'' instead of ''aqeedah''. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling. __NOTOC__


A

; ; () (for male) () (for female) : Servant or worshipper. Muslims consider themselves servants and worshippers of God as per Islam. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Servant of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the Most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of he originator ofPeace), Abdur-Rahîm (Slave of the Most Merciful), all refer to names of Allah. ; ʾAdab () : Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good ʾadab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about something," as in the example, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, or, "The Proper Ways of Fighting in War," (Qitāl in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. A secondary meaning of ʾAdab is "literature". ; ʾAdhān () : call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azaan, Athaan and Adhan. ; ʿAdl () : justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic,
political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...
, proprietary. ; AH (): ''Anno Hegirae'' The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the
Hijra Hijra, Hijrah, Hegira, Hejira, Hijrat or Hijri may refer to: Islam * Hijrah (often written as ''Hejira'' in older texts), the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE * Migration to Abyssinia or First Hegira, of Muhammad's followers ...
. The first day of the first Islamic year is 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) and corresponds to 16 July 622 ( CE). ; ʾAḥad (): literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Ahad is one of the names of God. ; ʾAḥkām (): These are rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. A single ruling is called a Ḥukm. Five kinds of orders:
Wajib ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such c ...
or
Fard ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such ...
(obligatory),
Mustahab ''Mustahabb'' () is an Islamic term referring to recommended, favoured or virtuous actions. ''Mustahabb'' actions are those whose ruling (''ahkam'') in Islamic law falls between ''mubah'' (neutral; neither encouraged nor discouraged) and ''waji ...
(preferred and recommended),
Halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
or
Mubah ''Mubāḥ'' (Arabic: مباح) is an Arabic word meaning "permitted", which has technical uses in Islamic law. In uṣūl al-fiqh (''principles of Islamic jurisprudence''), ''mubāḥ'' is one of the five degrees of approval ( ahkam): # () - ...
(permissible),
Makruh In Islamic terminology, something which is ''makruh'' ( ar, مكروه, transliterated: ''makrooh'' or ''makrūh'') is a disliked or offensive act (literally "detestable" or "abominable"). This is one of the five categories (''al-ahkam al-kham ...
(disliked and not recommended), and
Haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
(forbidden) ; ʾAhl al-Bayt (): members of Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Maʿṣūmūn () (infallibles; spiritually pure). ; ʾAhl al-Fatrah (): people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural Religion" innate to human nature as created by God. ; ʾAhl al-Kitāb () : "People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of
scripture Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They differ from literature by being a compilation or discussion of beliefs, mythologies, ritual pra ...
believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians. ; ʾĀkhirah () :
hereafter The afterlife (also referred to as life after death) is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's identity or their stream of consciousness continues to live after the death of their physical body. The surviving ess ...
or eternal life ; ʾAkhlāq () : The practice of virtue. Morals. ; Al-ʾIkhlāṣ () : Sincerity and genuineness in religious beliefs. ; Al-Bir () : Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah. ; () : Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists. ; Al Hijr (Kaaba) (): A semi-circular wall north-west of Kaaba. ; ʿalayhi -s-salām () : "Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel (Gabriel), Meekaal (Michael), etc.) ; () : "Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah. ; Allāh (): The name of God according to Islam. Also used as the Arabic word for God in general. ; Allāhumma () :"O Allah, my Lord" - used in a phrase or salutation, invocations or supplications (
dua In Islam, ( ar, دعاء  , plural: '  ) is a prayer of invocation, supplication or request, even asking help or assistance from God. Role in Islam Muslims regard this as a profound act of worship. Muhammad is reported to have said ...
). ; Allāhu ʾAkbar () : "Allah is hegreatest". Greater than anything or anyone, imaginable or unimaginable. ; () : lit. One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge) ; a jurist or
scientist A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences. In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosoph ...
(who knows
science Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...
) or a theologian (who knows
religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, ...
); similar to
Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...
sensei Sensei, Seonsaeng, Tiên sinh or Xiansheng, corresponding to Chinese characters , is an East Asian honorific term shared in Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Chinese; it is literally translated as "person born before another" or "one who c ...
, "teacher". ; ''Amān'', lit. 'safety, protection, safe conduct' ; ʾAmānah (): the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the "trust", which is free will. ; ʾĀmīn ():
Amen Amen ( he, אָמֵן, ; grc, ἀμήν, ; syc, ܐܡܝܢ, ; ar, آمين, ) is an Abrahamic declaration of affirmation which is first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently found in the New Testament. It is used in Jewish, Christian, and ...
. ; () : "Commander of the Faithful" Historically the title of the Caliph. In some modern countries like
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...
, a ' or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief. ; ʾĀminah () : Muhammad's mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near
Madina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...
(then
Yathrib Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the Holiest sites in Islam, second-holiest city in Islam, ...
) when Muhammad was six years old. ; Al-ʾAmr Bi'l Maʿrūf () : Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing. ; ʾAnfāl (): Spoils of war. (See Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8:1)) () ; (): "Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah. ; () : Article of faith, tenet, creed, or dogma. ; () : Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. ; (): Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding ; ʾArkān singular rukn () : The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn) ; A.S. (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (): This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is ʿAlayha s-salām. ; aṣaḥḥ: Arabic elative term, “more correct.” Used by Muslim scholars to introduce their own view while not entirely dismissing that of others. ; ʾAṣl () (pl. ʾuṣūl) : Root, origin, source; principle. ; ʾaslim taslam (): "Submit to Islam" (See dawah) ; (): List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise. ; (): The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. Also means "era". ; () : The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in. ; al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah ( ar, العشرة المبشّرون بالجنة, ʿAsharatu l-mubashshirūn or ar, عشرة المبشّر, Asharatul-mubashshirūna bil Jannah, links=no): The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam) ; () : Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third
Shia Imam In Shia Islam, the Imamah ( ar, إمامة) is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad. Imamah further ...
, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn. ; (السلام عليكم): The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, ' () means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is ' () --"And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing". ; ʾAstaghfir allāh (): "I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression. ; Aʿudhu billah (''ʾAʿūdhu billāh''): "I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an. ; (): Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali) ; () : The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(Non-related men means those she can marry lawfully). ; ʾĀyah (), plural ʾāyāt () : A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an. ; '' Āyatullāh'' (, also spelled ''Ayatollah''): ''Sign of God'' Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect. Azazīl : the proto Islamic name of iblīs (Potentially etymologically related to the name of a god/demon/daemon named azazel from the book of enoch). It is also believed to be his name before his banishment from heaven for not bowing down to Adam and Eve.


B

; Baiʿa (): See ; Baatil (): see Bāṭil ; Baitullāh (''baytu -llāh'') : A mosque, literally "house of God". Specifically means the Ka'aba at Makkah (Mecca). ; Bakka'in: a group known as the Weepers, who wept because they could not accompany Muhammad to Tabuk. ; Barakah () : a form of blessing, thought derive from God and passed on others via prophets, angels and saints. ; Bārak Allāhu Fīkum (): may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks. ;
Barzakh Barzakh (Arabic: برزخ, from Persian ''Barzakh'', "limbo, barrier, partition") is an Arabic word meaning "obstacle", "hindrance", "separation", or "barrier". In Islam, it denotes a place separating the living from the hereafter or a phase/" ...
(): Barrier. Used in the Qur'an to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for
qiyamah In Islam, "the promise and threat" () of Last Judgment, Judgment Day ( ar, یوم القيامة, Yawm al-qiyāmah, Day of Resurrection or ar, یوم الدین, italic=no, Yawm ad-din, Day of Judgement), when "all bodies will be resurrected" fr ...
judgment. ; Bashar () : humankind, mankind, man, human(s), etc. ; () : Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by
Sufis Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...
to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth. ; Bāṭil (): void ; Bāṯin () : The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a ''batini''. ; B.B.H.N. (): Blessed be His Name – acronym for S.A.W.S. See P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him). ; () : Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bidʿahs in Islam are considered a deviation and a serious sin by many Muslims. ; Bidʿah sayyiʾah (): Inquiry prohibited in Islam. ; Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi () : "In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful". ; Burda () : In general terms, it means a "cloak" or "outer garment". Specific reference is to the "burda" of Muḥammad (see Qaṣīda al-Burda). ; () : an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph, a Sheikh or an Imam.


C

; Caliph () ''khalīfah'' : literally successor; refers to the successor of Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocracy.


D

; Dahri (): atheist – from the root ''ad dahr'' meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah or simply dahriya for the concept of atheism. ; Dajjāl () : The Islamic equivalent of the
Antichrist In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist refers to people prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and substitute themselves in Christ's place before the Second Coming. The term Antichrist (including one plural form)1 John ; . 2 John . ...
; means "liar" or "deceiver". ; Ḍallāl (): going astray. ; Dār al-ʿAhd () : the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states. ; Dār al-ʾAmn () : means house of safety. ; Dār ad-daʿwa () : a region where Islam has recently been introduced. ; Dār al-ḥarb () :means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule which a Muslim state can go to war with ; Dār al-Islām (): the abode, or land, of Islam. ; Dār al-Kufr () : means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the
Quraish The Quraysh ( ar, قُرَيْشٌ) were a grouping of Arab clans that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Kaaba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Hashim clan of the tribe. Despite this, many of the Qu ...
-dominated society of Mecca between Mohammed's flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the city's conquest. ;Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ (): domain of agreement ; Dār ash-shahāda () : ''See Dar al-Amn'' ; Darūd (): blessing ; Daʿwah () : the call to Islam,
proselytizing Proselytism () is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs. Proselytism is illegal in some countries. Some draw distinctions between ''evangelism'' or '' Da‘wah'' and proselytism regarding proselytism as invol ...
. ; Darwīš () : an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism ;
Dhikr ''Dhikr'' ( ar, ذِكْر}, , also spelled ''Zikr'', ''Thikr'', ''Zekr'', or ''Zikar'', literally meaning "remembrance, reminder" or "mention") is a form of Islamic meditation in which phrases or prayers are repeatedly chanted in order to remem ...
() : A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner. Remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God. It is also pronounced zikr. ; Dhimmi () (pl. dhimam) : "protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others, such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state who must pay a separate tax ( jizya) instead of the zakah paid by Muslims and this exempts non-Muslims from military service under Islamic law. ; Dhuhr () (ẓuhr): the second obligatory daily prayer. ;
Dīn Dīn ( ar, دين, Dīn, also anglicized as Deen) is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion. It is used by both Muslims and Arab Christians. In Islamic terminology, the word refers to the way of life Muslims ...
() : (literally 'religion') the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam. ; Diyyah (): "blood money", recompense for loss of a life. ; Duʿāʾ () : personal prayer, supplication ;
Dunya In Islam, ' ( ar, دُنْيا ) refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions, as opposed to the hereafter ('' ʾākhirah''). In the Qur'an, ''dunyā'' and ''ākhira'' are sometimes used dichotomously, other times complem ...
(): The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled ''Dunia''.


E

Eid al-Fitr ()
:Marks the end of Ramaadaan amzaan the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm).
Eid al-Adha Eid al-Adha () is the second and the larger of the two main holidays celebrated in Islam (the other being Eid al-Fitr). It honours the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son Ismail (Ishmael) as an act of obedience to Allah's com ...

:Honours the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Ismael as an act of obedience to God's command.


F

; Fadl: divine grace ; Fajarah () (also fujjār ()): Wicked evil doers. Plural of "fājir" (). ; fajr (): dawn, early morning, and the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise. ; (): deliverance, salvation, well-being. ; Falsafah (): "philosophy" The methods and content of Greek philosophy which were brought into Islam. A person who tries to interpret Islam through rationalist philosophy was called a faylasuf (), "philosopher". ; () : Sufi term meaning extinction – a spiritual death of the lower self (Nafs) with associated bad characteristics. Having no existence outside of God. ; Faqīh ()(pl. fuqahāʾ)() : One who has a deep understanding of Islam, its laws, and jurisprudence. (see ''fiqh'') ; Al-Faraj (): the return of the Shia Mahdi ; (), plural furūḍ () : a religious duty, or an obligatory action: ''praying 5 times a day is fard'' Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. (See
wajib ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such c ...
) ; Farḍ ʿain ( ): obligatory on every individual Muslim to aid in any way he can. ; Farḍ kifāyah (): an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole, from which some are freed if others take it up such as for jihad. ; Fāsid (): corrupt, invalid/violable (in Islamic finance) ; Fāsiq (): anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fāsiqūn"); in the Quran it refers to unbelievers who derided God for using similes and parables (in the Quran). ; Fātiḥa (): the short, opening sura of the Qur'an, which begins "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds..." These words hold an important place in Muslim liturgies and forms the core of the salat. ;
Fatwā A fatwā ( ; ar, فتوى; plural ''fatāwā'' ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (''sharia'') given by a qualified '' Faqih'' (Islamic jurist) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist ...
() : a non-binding legal opinion of a scholar ( alim). However, binding on him for those who follow his
taqlid ''Taqlid'' (Arabic تَقْليد ''taqlīd'') is an Islamic term denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs ''taqlid'' is termed ''muqallid''. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on con ...
; Fī ʾAmān allāh (): "In the protection of God". Said when a person departs. Cf. ''aman''. ;
Fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...
() : jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom ( al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws. (see ''faqih'') ; Fī sabīl allāh (): for the sake of Allah; common Islamic expression for performing acts such as charity or Jihad ; Fitna (pl. fitan) () : ''trial'' or ''
tribulation In Christian eschatology, the Great Tribulation ( grc, θλῖψις μεγάλη, thlîpsis megálē) is a period mentioned by Jesus in the Olivet Discourse as a sign that would occur in the Eschatology, time of the end. At Book of Revelation, ...
''; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the end of the world or any civil strife. ; (): innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah. ; Furqān (): the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan. ; Fuwaysiqah (): vermin, evil from the root fasaqa meaning to deviate from the right way


G

; Ghafara (): (verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God. ; Ghaflah (): heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference ; Ghayb (): the unseen, unknown. ; Ghanīmah (): spoils of war, booty. ; Gharar (): excessive uncertainty; also "the sale of what is not present" such as fish not yet caught, crops not yet harvested. ; Ghasbi () : possessed unlawfully ; Ghāzi () : (archaic) roughly, "raider": used for whose who participated in war. Later a title for veterans. ; Ghusl (): full ablution of the whole body (see wudu). Ghusl janaba is the mandatory shower after having sexual discharge.


H

;Ḥadath akbar (): major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning. ; Ḥadath aṣghar () : minor ritual impurity ; Hādhā min faḍl rabbī (): Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning ''This is by the Grace of my Lord.'' ; Hādī (): a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi. ; Ḥadīth (''ḥadīth'') plural ahādīth : literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by
isnad Hadith studies ( ar, علم الحديث ''ʻilm al-ḥadīth'' "science of hadith", also science of hadith, or science of hadith criticism or hadith criticism) consists of several religious scholarly disciplines used by Muslim scholars in th ...
; with sira these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah ; Ḥadīth mashhūr () : Well-known hadith; a hadith which reported by one, two, or more Companions from Muhammad or from another Companion, but has later become well-known and transmitted by an indefinite number of people during the first and second generation of Muslims. ; () : someone who memorized the entire Qur'an. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector. ; Ḥaiḍ () : menstruation ;Ḥājj (ّ) plural Ḥujjāj () and Ḥajīj (): Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj. ; Ḥajj (ّ) and Ḥijjah (plurals Ḥijjāt () and Ḥijaj ()): pilgrimage to
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow ...
. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam. See Dhu al-Hijjah. ;Ḥajj at-Tamattuʿ (): performing ʿUmrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram for Hajj. Before making ʿUmrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal. ; Ḥajj al-Qirān () : At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and 'Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of Al-'Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal. ; Ḥajj al-ʾIfrād () : At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is required from him. ; () : a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See
Ahkam ''Ahkam'' (, ar, أحكام "rulings", plural of ()) is an Islamic term with several meanings. In the Quran, the word ''hukm'' is variously used to mean arbitration, judgement, authority, or God in Islam, God's will. In the early Islamic peri ...
. ; Ḥākimīya () : sovereignty, governance. ; () : lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, free from sin praiseworthy, honourable. Doing a halal action won't result in punishment in the hereafter (See
mustahabb ''Mustahabb'' () is an Islamic term referring to recommended, favoured or virtuous actions. ''Mustahabb'' actions are those whose ruling ('' ahkam'') in Islamic law falls between '' mubah'' (neutral; neither encouraged nor discouraged) and '' ...
, mandub) ; Ḥalaqah () : A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam. ;Ḥalq () : Shaving of the head, particularly associated with pilgrimage to
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow ...
; () : pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: (). ; Ḥaqq (ّ): truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of
99 names of God Names of God in Islam ( ar, أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ , "''Allah's Beautiful Names''") are names attributed to God in Islam by Muslims. While some names are only in the Quran, and others are only in the hadith ...
. ; () : sinful ; () : sanctuary. ; (): Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authentic and fabricated). ; Hawa () (pl. ʾahwāʾ ()) : Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness. ; Hidāyah () : guidance from God. ; () : literally "cover". It describes the covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See abayah,
al-amira In modern usage, hijab ( ar, حجاب, translit=ḥijāb, ) generally refers to headcoverings worn by Muslim women. Many Muslims believe it is obligatory for every female Muslim who has reached the age of puberty to wear a head covering. While s ...
,
burqa A burqa or a burka, or , and ur, , it is also transliterated as burkha, bourkha, burqua or burqu' or borgha' and is pronounced natively . It is generally pronounced in the local variety of Arabic or variety of Persian, which varies. Examp ...
,
chador A chādor ( Persian, ur, چادر, lit=tent), also variously spelled in English as chadah, chad(d)ar, chader, chud(d)ah, chadur, and naturalized as , is an outer garment or open cloak worn by many women in the Persian-influenced countries of I ...
, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab,
purdah Pardah or purdah (from Hindi-Urdu , , meaning "curtain") is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities. It takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes and the requirement that wom ...
, shayla) ;
Hijra Hijra, Hijrah, Hegira, Hejira, Hijrat or Hijri may refer to: Islam * Hijrah (often written as ''Hejira'' in older texts), the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE * Migration to Abyssinia or First Hegira, of Muhammad's followers ...
() : Muhammad and his followers' emigration from
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow ...
to
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...
. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See '' Rabi' al-awwal'' and abbreviation '' AH''. ; Ḥikmah (also ''Hikmat'') () : Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim. In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might attain. ; Hilāl () : Crescent moon. ; () : wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing
commons The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons c ...
; a concept of stewardship ; () : One half of a
juz' A ''juzʼ'' (Arabic: جُزْءْ, plural: ''ajzāʼ'', literally meaning "part") is one of thirty parts of varying lengths into which the Quran is divided. It is also known as para (پارہ/পারা) in Iran and the Indian subcontinent. The ...
, or roughly 1/60th of the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
; Hudā () : Guidance. ; Hudna () : Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary) ; () (sing. hadd) : Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law ( sharia) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an – intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication, false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ''ta'zeer'') ; (): ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum. ; Ḥūrī ('; pl. ') : beautiful and pure young men and women that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.


I

; (): submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah. ; ʾIblīs (): Devil banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan. ; ʿId (): festival or celebration. Alternatively transliterated Eid. ; (): "the Festival of Sacrifice." The four-day celebration starting on the tenth day of
Dhul-Hijja Dhu al-Hijja ( ar, ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة, translit=Ḏū al-Ḥijja, ), also spelled Zu al-Hijja, is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. It is a very sacred month in the Islamic calendar, one in which the ''Hajj, Ḥajj'' (P ...
. ; (): "the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan. ; (): a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan. ; (): state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer. ; (): perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ (): Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ mustaḥabb(ّ) : A preferred precaution. ; ʾIḥtiyāṭ wājib(): An obligatory precaution. ; ʾIʿjāz (): miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content. ; ʾIjāzah (): a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge ; (): the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) – one of four bases of
Islamic Law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
. More generally, political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf ; ʾIjtihād (): During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is
taqlid ''Taqlid'' (Arabic تَقْليد ''taqlīd'') is an Islamic term denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. The person who performs ''taqlid'' is termed ''muqallid''. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on con ...
(), Arabic for "imitation". ; ʾIkhtilāf (): disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma. ;ʾIkrām (): honouring, hospitality, generosity – Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah. ; ʾIkrāh () : mental or physical force. ;
ʾIlāh ' ( ar, إله; plural: ') is an Arabic term meaning "god". In Arabic, ilah refers to anyone or anything that is worshipped. The feminine is ' (, meaning "goddess"); with the article, it appears as ' (). The Arabic word for God (') is thought ...
(): deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists. ; (): all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for
science Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...
; ʾImām (): literally, leader; e.g. a man who ''leads'' a community or ''leads'' the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Muhammad. ; ʾImāmah () or imamate : successorship of Muhammad and the leadership of mankind. ; ʾImān (): personal faith ; ʾInna lilāhi wa ʾinna ʾilaihi rājiʿūn () : To Allah we belong and to Him is our return – said to mourners ; ʾInfāq (): the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity ; ʾInjīl (): Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been corrupted and modified, and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus. ; ʾIn shāʾa -llāh (): "If God wills"; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor pessimistic

; Iqamah, ʾIqāmah (): the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan. ; ʾIrtidād (): apostasy (see murtadd). Also ''riddah'' ; (): Jesus – 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), (a matronymic since he had no biological father). The Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi and rasul. ; (): night; the fifth salat prayer ; ʾIṣlāḥ (): "reform". This term may mean very different things, depending on the context. When used in reference to reform of Islam, it may mean modernism, such as that proposed by Muhammad Abduh; or Salafi literalism, such as that preached by
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani Muhammad b. al-Haj Nuh b. Nijati b. Adam al-Ishqudri al-Albani al-Arnauti ( ar, مُحَمَّد نَاصِر ٱلدِّيْن ٱلْأَلْبَانِي الأرنؤوط), better known simply as Al-Albani (August 16, 1914 – October 2, 1999), ...
Habib Ali Jifri on Shaykh al-Buti
Marifah forum
; ʾIslām : "submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity. ; ʾIsnād (): chain of transmitters of any given hadith ; ʾIsrāʾ (): the night journey during which Muhammad (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See
miraj Miraj (Pronunciation: iɾəd͡z ) is a city in Sangli District and also in Maharashtra, India, that was founded in the early 10th century. It was an important jagir of the Adil Shahi court of Bijapur. Shivaji Maharaj stayed in Miraj for ...
. ; ʾIstighfār (): requesting forgiveness ; ʾIstiḥādah (): vaginal bleeding except
Haid Haid may refer to: People * Charles Haid (b. 1943), an American actor and director * Grit Haid (1900–1938), an Austrian stage and film actress, the sister of Liane Haid * Herenaus Haid (1784–1873), a German Catholic clergyman, teacher, catec ...
and Nifas ; ʾIstiṣlāḥ (): public interest – a source of
Islamic Law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
. ; ʾIstishhād (): martyrdom. ; ʾIthm (): Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on
qiyamah In Islam, "the promise and threat" () of Last Judgment, Judgment Day ( ar, یوم القيامة, Yawm al-qiyāmah, Day of Resurrection or ar, یوم الدین, italic=no, Yawm ad-din, Day of Judgement), when "all bodies will be resurrected" fr ...
(judgment day.) Opposite of thawab. ; ʾIʿtikāf (): seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan. ; ʾItmām al-hujjah ():clarification of truth in its ultimate form. ;
Ittaqullah ''Ittaqullah'' ( ar, اتقوا الله) is an Arabic word or word-phrase composed of the words "Ittaqu" (the command or imperative form of the word ''taqwa''), and "Allah". It is found in several verses in the Quran The Quran (, ; Standa ...
():command to fear God or to be pious to Allah.


J

; Jāʾiz (): That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal, mustahabb, mandub) ;
Jahannam In Islam, the place of punishment for unbelievers and other evildoers in the afterlife, or hell, is an "integral part of Islamic theology", Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.401 and has "occupied an important place in the Muslim imagi ...
() : the Hell-fire; Hell ; Jāhilīyyah (الجاهليّة) : the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions. ; Jahl () : ignorance, foolishness. ; Jalsa () : sitting. ; () : "gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association. ; Janābah () : A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual ablution (ghusl), ; Janāzah () : Funeral. Ṣalāt al-Janāzah is a funeral prayer. ;
Jannah In Islam, Jannah ( ar, جَنّة, janna, pl. ''jannāt'',lit. "paradise, garden", is the final abode of the righteous. According to one count, the word appears 147 times in the Quran. Belief in the afterlife is one of the six articles of f ...
() : Paradise, Heaven, the Garden ; Jazāka-llāhu khayran () : "May God reward you with good." Islamic expression of gratitude. ; Jihād () : struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against wrongdoing; ; Jihād aṣ-ṣaghīr () : Offensive jihad declared by caliph. ; Jihād aṭ-ṭalab (): Offensive jihad. ; Jihād ad-dafʿa () : Defensive jihad. ; Jihād bil-māl (): Financial jihad. ; Jilbāb () : (pl. ''jalabib'') a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial hijab. (See also:
abaya The abaya "cloak" ( colloquially and more commonly, ar, عباية ', especially in Literary Arabic: '; plural ', '), sometimes also called an ''aba'', is a simple, loose over-garment, essentially a robe-like dress, worn by some women in par ...
. burka,
chador A chādor ( Persian, ur, چادر, lit=tent), also variously spelled in English as chadah, chad(d)ar, chader, chud(d)ah, chadur, and naturalized as , is an outer garment or open cloak worn by many women in the Persian-influenced countries of I ...
) ; Jinn (ّ) : A term referring to invisible beings, also the name of specific type of unseen creatures capable of salvation. ; Jizya (): A tax specified in the Quran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control. ;Juḥod () : To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they houldhave recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-'inaad) ; () : Friday prayer or Sabbath. ; Juzʾ () : one of thirty parts of the Qur'an.


K

; () : cube-house; i.e., the cube-shaped building in Mecca which Muslims face to pray. ; Kāfir - non-Muslim (kāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.) : from the word kafara, "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; non-Muslims in Islamic or non-Islamic countries or states, unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful to God as per Islam. Common derogatory term used by different Islamic factions such as sunni and shias to denounce each other as non-Muslims. Plural: Kāfirūn. Commonly used as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans. ;
Kalām ''ʿIlm al-Kalām'' ( ar, عِلْم الكَلام, literally "science of discourse"), usually foreshortened to ''Kalām'' and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology" or "speculative theology", is the philosophical study of Islamic doc ...
() (ʿilm al-kalām) : Literally, "words" or "speech," and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine attributes. ; Khair (): Every kind of good ; Khalīfah () : Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of
khilafa A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...
. ; Khalīl () : devoted friend ; Khalq () : Creation – the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb khalaqa (see bara, sawwara). ; Al-khāliq (): The Creator, Allah. ;
Khamr Khamr ( ar, خمر) is an Arabic word for wine; intoxication; the plural form, Khumūr ( ar, خمور), is defined as alcoholic beverages, wine; liquor. In fiqh, it refers to certain forbidden substances, and its technical definition depends on ...
(): Intoxicant, wine. ; (): the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer. ; Khatm (): to finish - refers to the complete recitation of the Qur'an. ; Kharāj () : a land tax. ; Khayr : goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.) ;khilāf (): Controversy, dispute, discord. ; Khilāfah () : Man's trusteeship and stewardship of
Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...
; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of
haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad. ; Khilwa, () : An offense consisting of being caught alone in private with a member of the opposite sex who is not an immediate family member. ; al-khulafāʾ ar-rāshidūn () : four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history ; Khimār () (pl. khumur () or ʾakhmirah ()) : headcovering (Q. 24:31). ; Khitān () : Male circumcision. ;Khuluq () pl. ʾakhlāq () : ethics ; Khushūʿ (): humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer). ; (): the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer. ; Kibr () : pride, arrogance ; Kibar () : old age ; Kitāb () : book; The Qurʾān is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" (''The Book''). ;
Kufr Kafir ( ar, كافر '; plural ', ' or '; feminine '; feminine plural ' or ') is an Arabic and Islamic term which, in the Islamic tradition, refers to a person who disbelieves in God as per Islam, or denies his authority, or rejects ...
() : Unbelief, infidelity, blasphemy; also hubris. See Kafir and
Kuffar Kafir ( ar, كافر '; plural ', ' or '; feminine '; feminine plural ' or ') is an Arabic and Islamic term which, in the Islamic tradition, refers to a person who disbelieves in God as per Islam, or denies his authority, or rejects ...
; Kufr al-ḥukm () : Disbelief from judgment. ; Kufr al-ʿInād () : Disbelief out of stubbornness ; Kufr al-ʾInkār () : Disbelief out of arrogance and pride. ; Kufr al-ʾIstibdāl () : Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allah's Laws. ; Kufr al-ʾIstiḥlāl () : Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL. ; Kufrul-Istihzaha : Disbelief due to mockery and derision ; Kufr al-jahl (): Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding. ; Kufr al-juhud (): Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth. ; Kufr an-Nifāq (): Disbelief out of hypocrisy. ; Kufr al-ʾIʿrāḍ () : Disbelief due to avoidance. ; Kun () : God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.


L

; Lā ilāha illā-llāh () : "There is no god but
God In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995. God is typically ...
." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. According to Islam, this is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. ; Labbayka -llāhumma () : God, I obey you (said during hajj) ; Laghw () : Dirty, false, evil vain talk ; () : Curse, execration, or imprecation. ;
Laylat al-Qadr The Qadr Night or Laylat al-Qadr ( ar, لیلة القدر), variously rendered in English as the Night of Decree, Night of Power, Night of Value, Night of Destiny, or Night of Measures, is, in Islamic belief, the night when the Quran was firs ...
() : the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.


M

; Madhhab () : pl. ''Madhāhib'' () school of religious jurisprudence (fiqh), school of thought. Also see ''fiqh''. ; Madrasah () : school, university ;
Maghrib The Maghrib Prayer ( ar, صلاة المغرب ', "sunset prayer") is one of the five mandatory salah (Islamic prayer). As an Islamic day starts at sunset, the Maghrib prayer is technically the first prayer of the day. If counted from midni ...
(): the fourth daily salat prayer ; Mahdi () : "a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression. ;Mahdūr ad-damm (): he whose blood must be wasted ; Maḥram () : a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who one cannot marry. ; Maisir () : gambling, game of chance ;
Makrūh In Islamic terminology, something which is ''makruh'' ( ar, مكروه, transliterated: ''makrooh'' or ''makrūh'') is a disliked or offensive act (literally "detestable" or "abominable"). This is one of the five categories (''al-ahkam al-khams ...
() : Means "detested", though not
haraam ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
(forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with thawab. ; () : angels (Sing. Malak). Belief in angels is one of the
Five Pillars of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam (' ; also ' "pillars of the religion") are fundamental practices in Islam, considered to be obligatory acts of worship for all Muslims. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel. The Sunni and Shia agree o ...
and requiered for Muslims to believe in. ; Mā malakat ʾaymānukum () : one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess) ;Manāsik () : the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid hajj ;Mandūb () : commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See
halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
mustahabb ''Mustahabb'' () is an Islamic term referring to recommended, favoured or virtuous actions. ''Mustahabb'' actions are those whose ruling ('' ahkam'') in Islamic law falls between '' mubah'' (neutral; neither encouraged nor discouraged) and '' ...
) ; (): the methodology by which truth is reached ; Mansūkh () : That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh ; Manzil (): one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an ; () : consensus of the community ; () sing. maqṣid () : goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law ;Maṣāliḥ () sing. maṣlaḥah (): public interests ; Masbuq (مَسْبُوق) :A person who is late for salat and has not joined the imam in the first rak’at. ; Mā shāʾa -llāh () : Allah has willed it ; () : the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ ; Masjid () pl. masājid, : place of prayer; mosque ; Masjid al-Ḥarām () : the mosque surrounding the Kaʿbah in Mecca. ; or (): Non-Arab Muslims ;Mawlā awlan () l. mawālin (ٍ): protector or master ;
Mawlānā Mawlānā (; from Arabic ( ar, مولانا), also spelled as maulana or molana (Urdu, from Arabic mawlānā), is a title, mostly in Central Asia and in the Indian subcontinent, preceding the name of respected Muslim religious leaders, in partic ...
() : an Arabic word meaning "our master" (not literally). It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to Rumi. ;
Maulvi Mawlawi ( ar, مولوي; also spelled Maulvi, Molvi, Moulavi and Mawlvi) is an Islamic religious title given to Muslim religious scholars, or ulama, preceding their names, similar to the titles Mawlānā, Mullah, or Sheikh. Mawlawi generally ...
() : an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher ;
Mecca Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow ...
( ''Makkah'') : the holiest city in Islam ;
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...
(''Madīnah'') : "city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See Hijra (Islam) ; Mi'ād (): the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam. ;
Miḥrāb Mihrab ( ar, محراب, ', pl. ') is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the ''qibla'', the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a ''mihrab'' appears is thus the "qibla w ...
() : a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer ; Millah (): In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is din. ; Millet: (see Millah) (Turkish word also meaning a nation, community, or a people). In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous community termed the millet. ; Minaret () : a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made ; Minbar () : a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons ; Minhaj () : methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures. ; Mīqāt () : intended place ; Miʿrāj () : the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey (See also:
Al-Isra Al-Isrāʾ ( ar, الإسراء; The Night Journey), also known as Banī Isrāʾīl ( ar, بني إسرائيل; The Children of Israel) is the 17th chapter (sūrah) of the Quran, with 111 verses ( āyāt). The word refers to the "night ...
) ; Muʾadhdhin (): a person who performs the call to prayer ;
Mosque A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
() : a Muslim place of worship. ; Muʿāhadāt () : treaties ; () : suras
Al-Falaq Al-Falaq or The Daybreak ( ar, اَلْفَلَق, ''al-falaq'') is the 113th chapter ('' sūrah'') of the Qur'an. It is a brief five ayat (verse) surah, asking God for protection from the evil: : ۝ Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybrea ...
and
an-Nas Al-Nās or Mankind ( ar, الناس, ''an-nās'') is the 114th and last chapter (''sūrah'') of the Qur'an. It is a short six- verse invocation. : ۝ Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, :۝ The Sovereign of mankind. :۝ The God of manki ...
, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic) ; () : literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See
halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
) ; Mubaligh () : person who recites Qur'an ; Muftī () : an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fatawa (plural of "fatwa"). ; Muḥajjabah () : woman who wears hijab. ;Muḥkamāt : unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.) ; Muḥāribah () : a person who wages war against God ; Muḥammadun rasūl allāh () : "Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam. ;Mufsid () : evil-doer a person who spreads corruption not in accordance with Islam. Plural mufsideen. ;Muḥsin () : a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun. ; Muhājirūn () : The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad when he traveled to
Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the second-holiest city in Islam, and the capital of the ...
. ; Muharṭiq () : heretic. ; Mujāhid () : a fighter for Islam. Plural Mujāhidūn (). ; Mujtahid () : a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: ''Mujtahidun''. ; Mullah () : are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh). ; Muʾmin () : A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an. ; Munāfiq () : hypocrite. Plural: ''Munafiqun'' ; Muntaiabah () pl. muntaqibāt () : woman who wears niqab ; Murābaḥah ( ) : a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara) ; Murshid () : a Sufi teacher ; Murtadd () female apostate is Murtaddah: apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.) ; Muṣḥaf (): a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an. ; Mushrik ()(pl. mushrikūn) (): One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist. ; Muslim () : a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to God (Allah) ; (ّ) : commendable or recommended. (See
halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
, mandub) ;Mutʿah () : literally enjoyment; compensation paid to a divorced woman; when used in the phrase ''nikāḥ al-mutʿah'' () it refers to temporary marriage that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam. ;Mutashābihāt (): equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.) ; Mutaʿaṣṣibūn () : fanatics ; Muṭawwaʿ () plural muṭawwaʿūn () : religious man in certain regions, a volunteer teacher ; Muṭawwaʿūn () () (singular ''muṭawwaʿ''): Religious police. ; Mutawātir () : "agreed upon"—used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad


N

; Nabī () : literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul. ;
Nafs ''Nafs'' () is an Arabic word occurring in the Quran, literally meaning "self", and has been translated as "psyche", " ego" or " soul".Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The Internati ...
() : soul, the lower self, the ego/id ; Nāfilah () : An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida ; Najāsah (): Impurity ; Nājis (): impure ; Nakīr and Munkar () : two
angels In various theistic religious traditions an angel is a supernatural spiritual being who serves God. Abrahamic religions often depict angels as benevolent celestial intermediaries between God (or Heaven) and humanity. Other roles incl ...
who test the faith of the dead in their graves ; Namaz: Ritual Prayer in Turkish and
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
language. ; Naṣīḥa () : advice ; Naskh () : The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh. ; Naṣṣ (ّ) : a known, clear legal injunction ; Nifās (): the bleeding after childbirth (see
Haid Haid may refer to: People * Charles Haid (b. 1943), an American actor and director * Grit Haid (1900–1938), an Austrian stage and film actress, the sister of Liane Haid * Herenaus Haid (1784–1873), a German Catholic clergyman, teacher, catec ...
) ; Nifāq (): falsehood; dishonesty; hypocrisy ; Nihāļ () : Nihal is an Arabic name meaning "joyful." ; Nikāḥ (): the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage ;
Niqāb A niqāb or niqaab (; ar, نِقاب ', " aceveil"), also called a ruband, ( fa, روبند) is a garment, usually black, that covers the face, worn by some Muslim women as a part of an interpretation of ''hijab'' (i.e. "modest dress"). Musl ...
() : veil covering the face ; Niyyah (): intention ; Nubūwwah () : prophethood. Shi'a regard this as the third Pillar of Islam. ; Nukrah: a great munkar – prohibited, evil, dreadful thing. ; Nūr () : Light, more theological connoted than ''daw, the proper term for light in Arabic. ''Nur'' is often associated with benevolence, as Light of Muhammad and angels of mercy as created from ''nur''. The term is closely associated with ''nar'', which denotes the burning light of fire, often associated with fierce forces, like angels of punishment, demons and hell.


P

; P.B.U.H. : an acronym that stands for "peace be upon him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad's name whenever it is written. In some circles and English writings, Sufis regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah). These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H. acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.


Q

; Qadhf (): false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by sharia. ; Qadar () : predestination. ; Qāḍī () : judge of
Islamic Law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
;
Qalb In Islamic philosophy, the qalb ( ar, قلب), or heart, is the origin of intentional activities, the cause behind all humans' intuitive deeds. While the brain handles the physical impressions, ''qalb'' (the heart) is responsible for deep unders ...
() : Heart, considered the center of the self in Islamic anthropology ;
Qiblah The qibla ( ar, قِبْلَة, links=no, lit=direction, translit=qiblah) is the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, which is used by Muslims in various religious contexts, particularly the direction of prayer for the s ...
() : the direction Muslims face during prayer ; Qitāl fī sabīl allāh ( ) : fight in the cause of Allah. ; Qiyāmah (): resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment ; () : equitable retribution – a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer) ;Qiyām () : to stand, a position of salat prayer ; Qiyās () : analogy – foundation of legal reasoning and thus
fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...
; Qudsī () : classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God. ;Qurbah () : closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism. ;
Qurʾān The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God in Islam, God. It is organized in 114 surah, cha ...
() : The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Muhammad in the year AD 610 in the cave Hira by the angel Jibril.


R

; Rabb (ّ): Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master. ;R. A., raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhu (): May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are ''ʿanhā'' (her) and ''ʿanhum'' (them). ; Raḥmān (): Merciful; Ar-Rahman () means "The Most Merciful" ; Raḥīm (): compassionate; Ar-Rahim () means "The Most Compassionate" as in the
Basmala The ''Basmala'' ( ar, بَسْمَلَة, ; also known by its incipit ; , "In the name of Allah"), or Tasmiyyah (Arabic: ), is the titular name of the Islamic phrase "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful" (Arabic: , ) ...
; Raḥimaḥullāh (): May Allah have mercy on him. Usually used after mentioning the
companions of Muhammad Companion may refer to: Relationships Currently * Any of several interpersonal relationships such as friend or acquaintance * A domestic partner, akin to a spouse * Sober companion, an addiction treatment coach * Companion (caregiving), a caregive ...
; Raḥmatullāh (): Mercy of Allah. Sometimes used as an alternative to '' Rahimahullah'' after mentioning a righteous person by saying, rahmatullahi ʿilayh (): Mercy of Allah be upon him/her ; Rajm () :
stoning Stoning, or lapidation, is a method of capital punishment where a group throws stones at a person until the subject dies from blunt trauma. It has been attested as a form of punishment for grave misdeeds since ancient times. The Torah and Ta ...
or banishment, used as an epithet for devils in some Islamic prayers. ; Rakʿah () : one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah. ; Ramaḍān () : month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed. Spelt as Ramzaan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan as well. ; Rāshidūn () : Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali. ;
Rasūl Prophets in Islam ( ar, الأنبياء في الإسلام, translit=al-ʾAnbiyāʾ fī al-ʾIslām) are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and to serve as models of ideal human behaviour. Some prophets ar ...
(): messenger; Unlike prophets ( Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi. ;
Riba The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three supp ...
() : interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
;Ribat : Guarding Muslims from infidels ; Riddah (): apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all. ; Risālah (): literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message. ;
Rūḥ The Holy Spirit ( ar, رُوحُ ٱلْقُدُسِ, ''ruh al-qudus'') is mentioned four times in the Quran, where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Muslim interpretation of the Holy Spirit is generally consistent with o ...
(): spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam. Sometimes used interchangeable with nafs; otherwise distinguished and identified with the sublime parts of human's soul. ; Rukn () plural ʾArkān () : means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See
fard ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such ...
,
wajib ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such c ...
) ; Rukūʿ () : the bowing performed during salat.


S

; Sabb (): blasphemy: insulting God (''sabb Allah'') or Muhammad (''sabb ar-rasūl'' or ''sabb an-nabī''). ; (): patience, endurance, self-restraint ; Ṣadaqah (): charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat. ; Ṣaḥābah () (sing. ''Ṣāḥib'') (): companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad. ; Ṣāḥīḥ () : "Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith. ; Sakīnah () : divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
is recited. ;
Salaf Salaf ( ar, سلف, "ancestors" or "predecessors"), also often referred to with the honorific expression of "al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ" (, "the pious predecessors") are often taken to be the first three generations of Muslims. This comprises Muhamm ...
() : (righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the ''khalaf'' or "latter-day Muslims". ;
Salafism The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generat ...
: a reform movement, basing Islamic teachings on Quran and Sunnah alone. Contrary to Classical Sunnism, it disregards former established consensus and the opinions of the
Sahaba The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
. ; Ṣalāt () sala(t): any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam ; Salaat al-Istikharah: Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer. ; Salām () : peace (see sulh) ; Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam () : "May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression should be used after stating Muhammad's name. See abbreviation: ''S.A.W.'' or ''S.A.W.S.'' also ''P.B.U.H.'' ;Ṣamad () : eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal." ; Salsabīl (): a river in heaven (al-firdaus) ; Sawa : awakening, revival ; S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.) : Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (). See ''P.B.U.H.'' ; () : fasting during the month of
Ramadhan , type = islam , longtype = Religious , image = Ramadan montage.jpg , caption=From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan. Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran. Co ...
. The word ''sawm'' is derived from
Syriac Syriac may refer to: *Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic *Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region * Syriac alphabet ** Syriac (Unicode block) ** Syriac Supplement * Neo-Aramaic languages a ...
''sawmo''. ; Sayyid () : (in everyday usage, equivalent to ' Mr.') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad, usually via
Husayn Hussein, Hussain, Hossein, Hossain, Huseyn, Husayn, Husein or Husain (; ar, حُسَيْن ), coming from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-S-i-N ( ar, ح س ی ن, link=no), is an Arabic name which is the diminutive of Hassan, meaning "good", " ...
. ;
Sema Sama ( tr, Sema, Persian, Urdu and ar, سَمَاع - ''samā‘un'') is a Sufi ceremony performed as part of the meditation and prayer practice dhikr. Sama means "listening", while dhikr means "remembrance".During, J., and R. Sellheim. "Sam ...
: refer to some of the ceremonies used by various Sufi orders ; Shahādah () : The testimony of faith: ''La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah.'' ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam. Also may be used as a synonym for the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom. ; Shahīd () pl. shuhadāʾ () : witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in ''"jihād fī sabīl Allāh"'' (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil and shirk. ; Shaykh () : a spiritual master, Muslim clergy ; () : "the path to a watering hole"; Islamic law; the eternal
ethical code Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between right and wrong and in applying that understanding to their decisions. An ethical code generally implies documents at three levels: codes of b ...
and
moral code Morality () is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper (right) and those that are improper (wrong). Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of cond ...
based on the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
, Sunnah, Ijma, and Qiyas; basis of Islamic jurisprudence (
fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...
) ; Sharīf () : a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib ; Shayṭān () : Evil being; a devil. With the article ''Al-'' it designates Satan ( Iblis) in particular. In plural, it designates am indefined host of evil spirits; demons. Also applied to evil humans and evil jinn. ; () :A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of Mohammed. ; Shirk () : idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God. ; Shūrā () : consultation :; Majlis ash-shūrā () : advisory council in a Caliphate ;
Sidrat al-Muntaha The ''Sidrat al-Muntaha'' ( ar, سِدْرَة ٱلْمُنْتَهَىٰ, Sidrat al-Muntahā, lit=Lote Tree of the Farthest Boundary) is a large lote tree or Sidr tree that marks the utmost boundary in the seventh heaven, which no one can pa ...
(): a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass. ; Sīrah () : life or biography of Muhammad; his moral example – with hadith this comprises the sunnah ; aṣ-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm ( ) : the Straight Path ;Subah Sadiq : true dawn ; Subḥānahu wa taʿāla ()(abbreviated S.W.T.) : expression used following written name or vocalization of ''Allah'' in Arabic meaning highly praised and glorified is He. ; Subḥān allāh () : "Glory to God" – this phrase is often used when praising God or exclaiming awe at His attributes, bounties, or creation. ; () : a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism ( tasawwuf). ; Suḥūr () : the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn. ; Sujūd(): kneeling down, a position of salat. ; Ṣukūk (): bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest. ; Ṣulḥ () : A condition of peace, an armistice, or treaty. It is related to the word muṣālaḥah () which means peace, conciliation, or compromise. ; Sunnah () or sunnat an-Nabī () : the "path" or "example" of Muhammad, i.e., what he did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example. Also referring to optional good deeds, such as pious deeds and voluntary ritual prayers. ; Sunni () : the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: ), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. ;
Sūrah A ''surah'' (; ar, سورة, sūrah, , ), is the equivalent of "chapter" in the Qur'an. There are 114 ''surahs'' in the Quran, each divided into '' ayats'' (verses). The chapters or ''surahs'' are of unequal length; the shortest surah (''Al-Ka ...
() : chapter; the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
is composed of 114 suras


T

;Taʿāla (): Almighty ; Tābiʿīn (): followers of the Ṣaḥābah ;
Tafsīr Tafsir ( ar, تفسير, tafsīr ) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran. An author of a ''tafsir'' is a ' ( ar, مُفسّر; plural: ar, مفسّرون, mufassirūn). A Quranic ''tafsir'' attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, in ...
(): exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an ; Ṭāghūt () (taghout): "false god" or idol; also tyranny. ; Tahajjud (): optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer ; Ṭahārah (): purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl ; Ṭāhir (): pure, ritually clean ; Tahlīl () : Uttering the formula of faith: "Lā ilāha illā -llāh", (i.e. "There is no god but God"); Tahmid ():Tahmid means to praise Allah or saying "Alhamdillah".It derives from the same root ase Muhammad, mahmud and hamid(hmd) which means praise in Arabic. ; Taḥnīk (): 'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a newborn baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates. ; (): corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form. ; Tajdīd (): to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make new in present tense ; Tajdīf (): blasphemy ; Tajwīd (): a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation. ; Takāful ( ): Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful. ; Takbīr (): a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation. ; takhsis (, also ''takhsees''): in ''fiqh'', a qualification of a general ruling ''aam'' so that it only applies in certain cases. ; Takfīr (): declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir. ; Takhrīj (): The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity. ; Takweeni (): Ontological ; Ṭalāq (): divorce ; Taqalan: accountable ones; those who are responsible for their deeds. Among them are the human and the jinn. ; Taqdīr () : fate, predestination ; Taqlīd (): to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence. ; Taqīyyah (): 'precaution', that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances or to lie to save himself of being killed or harmed. ;
Taqwa ''Taqwa'' ( ar, تقوى '' / '') is an Islamic term for being conscious and cognizant of God, of truth, "piety, fear of God."Nanji, Azim. "Islamic Ethics," in ''A Companion to Ethics'', Peter Singer. Oxford: Blackwells,n(1991), pp. 106– ...
(): righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah. ; Tarāwīḥ (): extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer. ; Tarkīb (): the study of Arabic grammar issued from the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
; (): a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order ; Tartīl (): slow, meditative recitation of the
Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , s ...
; Taṣawwuf () or Sufism ; Tasbīḥ () : Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah) ;Taṣdīq (): "the evaluation of the degree of iman" (belief), "proof of iman; Tasdiq is proved by "acceptance of what the prophets brought down"; by Islamic works and deeds "which in turn are used to evaluate the level of iman". ; Tashkīl (): vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system. Literally meaning to form or arrange ; Taslīm (): salutation at the end of prayer ; Taṭbīr (): Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword. ; Tawafuq (): God-conscious understanding of a phenomenon. ; Tawakkul (): total reliance on Allah. ;
Tawassul Tawassul is an Arabic word originated from wa-sa-la- wasilat (). The ''wasilah'' is a means by which a person, goal or objective is approached, attained or achieved. In another version of the meaning of tawassul in another text: Tawassul is an Ara ...
(): asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person. ; Ṭawāf (): circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj. ;Tawfiq (): Divine help in getting to the purpose to one who deserves. ;
Tawbah ''Tawba'' ( ar, توبة alternatively spelled: ''tevbe'' or ''tawbah'', )B. Silverstein ''Islam and Modernity in Turkey'' Springer 2011 page 124 is the Islamic concept of repenting to God due to performing any sins and misdeeds. It is a dir ...
(): repentance ; Tawḥīd (): monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is accepting Muhammad as ''rasoul'' (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk ; Ta'weel (): explanation and elucidation, how something will occur and its result, or figurative interpretation. ; Tawrāh (): the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.) ; Ṭayyib (): all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib. ; Taʿzīr (): Discretionary punishment – a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud, qisas) ; Tazkīyah (): Purification of the Soul. ; Thawāb (): Reward for good deeds that is tallied on
qiyamah In Islam, "the promise and threat" () of Last Judgment, Judgment Day ( ar, یوم القيامة, Yawm al-qiyāmah, Day of Resurrection or ar, یوم الدین, italic=no, Yawm ad-din, Day of Judgement), when "all bodies will be resurrected" fr ...
(judgment day.) Opposite of ithim. ; Tilāwah (): ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an. ; Ṭumaʾnīnah () : state of motionlessness, calm


U

; ʿUbūdīyah () : worship ; ʾUḍḥīyah (): sacrifice ; () or ulema: the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim. ; ʾUmmah () or umma: (literally ' nation') the global community of all Muslim believers ; () : the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, can be performed throughout the year. ; ʿUqūbah () : the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer) ; () : custom of a given society, leading to change in the
fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...
; ʾUṣūl () (sing. ʾaṣl)() : Principles, origins. ; ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh () : the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (
fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and ...
)


W

; Wa ʿalaykum as-salām (): Wa 'Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum) ; Wafāt (): death. (Barah-wafat) Muhammad was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of Muhammad's sickness. ; () : "unity of being". Philosophical term used by some
Sufis Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...
. Related to fanaa ; Waḥy () : revelation of God to His prophets for all humankind ; Wahn () : literal meaning is "weakness" or "feebleness". According to one hadith,hadith about ''wahn''
searchtruth.com
Muhammad explained it as "love of the world and dislike of death" ; Wājib () : obligatory or mandatory see
fard ' ( ar, فرض) or ' () or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu (''spelled farz''), and Malay (''spelled fardu or fardhu'') in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such ...
;
Walī A wali (''wali'' ar, وَلِيّ, '; plural , '), the Arabic word which has been variously translated "master", "authority", "custodian", "protector", is most commonly used by Muslims to indicate an Islamic saint, otherwise referred to by the ...
() : friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper ; Waqf () : An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: awqaf ; Warrāq () : traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier ; Wasaṭ () : the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation ; Wasīlah () : the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see
tawassul Tawassul is an Arabic word originated from wa-sa-la- wasilat (). The ''wasilah'' is a means by which a person, goal or objective is approached, attained or achieved. In another version of the meaning of tawassul in another text: Tawassul is an Ara ...
) ;
Witr Witr ( ar, وتر) is an Islamic prayer (''salat'') that is performed at night after ''Isha'' (night-time prayer) or before '' fajr'' (dawn prayer). Witr has an odd number of ''raka'at'' prayed in pairs, with the final raka'ah prayed separately ...
() : a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats. ;
Wuḍūʾ Wuḍūʾ ( ar, الوضوء ' ) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification, or ablution. The 4 Fardh (Mandatory) acts of ''Wudu'' consists of washing the face, arms, then wiping the head and the fe ...
() : ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)


Y

;Yā Allāh () : O, God! ;Ya Rasūl Allāh () : O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interacting with Muhammad. ;Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj (): Ya'jūj wa-Ma'jūj is the Islamic counterpart of Gog and Magog ; Yaqīn () : certainty, that which is certain ; Yarḥamuk-Allāh (): "May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes; the same as "(God) bless you" in English ; Allāh Yarḥamuhu (), fem. ''yarḥamuhā''(): "May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies) ; Yawm ad-Dīn () : Day of Reckoning, Awe ; Yawm al-Ghaḍab () : Day of Rage, Wrath ; Yawm al-Qiyāmah () : "Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement


Z

; Zabūr () : the Psalms revealed to King Daoud (David) ; Zabīḥa (Dhabīḥah) () see
dhabiha In Islamic law, ' ( ar, ذَبِيحَة; '; ), also spelled zabiha, is the prescribed method of slaughter for halal animals (This does not include fishes, which are exempt from this requirement). It consists of a swift, deep incision to the throa ...
: Islamic method of slaughtering an animal, required for the meat to be
halal ''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
. Using a sharp knife, the animal's windpipe, throat, and blood vessels of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before removing the head. ; Ẓāhir() : Exterior meaning ; Zaidi () : Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to Sunni ;
Zakāt Zakat ( ar, زكاة; , "that which purifies", also Zakat al-mal , "zakat on wealth", or Zakah) is a form of almsgiving, often collected by the Muslim Ummah. It is considered in Islam as a religious obligation, and by Quranic ranking, is ...
(), Al-Māl : tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived from
Islamic economics Islamic economics ( ar, الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individua ...
, but a religious duty and social obligation. ; Zakāt al-Fiṭr (): Charity given at the end of Ramadan. ; Ẓālimūn () : polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust. ; Zandaqa (): heresy ; Zināʾ () : sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words '' adultery'' and ''fornication'') ;
Zindīq Zindīq (pl. zanādiqa) is a medieval Islamic term applied by Muslims to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central Islamic dogmas.. Zandaqa is the noun describing these views. Zanadiqa is usuall ...
() : heretic, atheist ; Zulfiqar (Dhu-l-fiqār) () : Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad ; Zurh : midday islamic prayer


Explanatory notes

* Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m. * Some Islamic concepts are usually referred to in
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
or Turkic. Those are typically of later origin than the concepts listed here; for completeness it may be best to list Persian terms and those unique to Shi'a on their own page, likewise Turkic terms and those unique to the Ottoman period on their own page, as these are culturally very distinct. * The word "crusade" in English is usually translated in Arabic as "ḥamlah ṣalībīyah" which means literally "campaign of Cross-holders" (or close to that meaning). In Arabic text it is "" and the second word comes from "ṣalīb" which means "cross." * The verses in the Qur'an that usually refers to as ''jihād'' verses have the phrase "''Qitāl fī sabīl allāh''" (fighting for the sake of Allah).


See also

*
99 Names of God Names of God in Islam ( ar, أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ , "''Allah's Beautiful Names''") are names attributed to God in Islam by Muslims. While some names are only in the Quran, and others are only in the hadith ...
* Arabic Ontology * History of Islam * Islamic eschatology * List of Christian terms in Arabic *
List of English words of Arabic origin Arabic is a Semitic language and English is an Indo-European language. The following words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Most entered one or mo ...
* Prophets of Islam


References

* Suzanne Haneef, ''What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims'', (Kazi Publications, Chicago), popular introduction * Muzaffar Haleem, ''The Sun is Rising In the West'', (Amana Publications, Beltsville, MD 1999). *
Ziauddin Sardar Ziauddin Sardar ( ur, ضیاء الدین سردار; born 31 October 1951) is a British-Pakistani scholar, award-winning writer, cultural critic and public intellectual who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futurology and s ...
, ''Muhammad for Beginners'', Icon Books, 1994, some fun, from very modern Sufi point of view. *
Hans Wehr Hans Bodo Gerhardt Wehr (; 5 July 1909, Leipzig24 May 1981, Münster) was a German Arabist. A professor at the University of Münster from 1957–1974, he published the ''Arabisches Wörterbuch'' (1952), which was later published in an Engl ...
, '' A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton Cowan. . * Islam in the World by
Malise Ruthven Malise Walter Maitland Knox Hore-Ruthven (born 14 May 1942) is an Anglo-Irish academic and writer. Born in Dublin in 1942, he earned an M.A. in English literature at the University of Cambridge, before working as a scriptwriter with the BBC Ar ...
(Gantra Publications, 2006)


External links


Lexicographic Search Engine

Free expressions with audio

Voiced Dictionary of Islamic and Arabic Key Words


{{DEFAULTSORT:Glossary Of Islam Arabic words and phrases Islam Islam-related lists