Irpinia (Modern Latin ''Hirpinia'') is a geographical and cultural region of
Southern Italy. It was the inland territory of the ancient ''
Hirpini'' tribe, and its extent matches approximately today's
province of Avellino.
Geography
The territory is largely mountainous, with an intricate network of hills and valleys and a predominantly
limestone
Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
Karst topography. To the north-east, however, the rocks are mostly
sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...
, and the land's elevation is relatively lower. Irpinia is centred on the section of the
Apennines which spans from the northern to the springs of the
Sele River; the highest peak is
Mount Avella (1,591 m). To the south are the
Picentini Mountains
300px, Rocky limestone landscape in the monti Picentini.
The Monti Picentini is a mountain range and national park in southern Italy, part of the Apennines, traditionally part in the Campanian Apennines. They are included between the Monti Latt ...
, which include the highest peak of the region, Mount
Cervialto (1,809 m). Irpinia is bordered on the east by the
Ofanto
The Ofanto (), known in ancient times as Aufidus or Canna, is a river in southern Italy that flows through the regions of Campania, Basilicata, and Apulia, into the Gulf of Manfredonia near Barletta.
Geography
The river's source is on the Irpi ...
valley, while to the north it merges with
Sannio and
Daunia
The Daunians ( el, Δαύνιοι, Daúnioi; la, Daunii) were an Iapygian tribe that inhabited northern Apulia in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Messapians, inhabited central and southern Apulia respectiv ...
.
History
The name "Irpinia" derives from the
Oscan
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian.
Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including ...
word "hirpus", which means wolf, and the wolf remains Irpinia's symbol to this day. Oscan tribes of the
Sabines, under demographic pressure, migrated towards this area in the 6th century BC from what is now
Umbria
it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, ...
. The
Hirpini occupied the region
Sabato,
Calore, and Ofanto, becoming differentiated with time from the
Samnites who settled the area from
Molise
it, Molisano (man) it, Molisana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 ...
and
Matese
The Matese ( Italian: Monti del Matese or Massiccio del Matese) is a chain of mountains in southern Apennines, southern Italy.
Geography
The Matese mountains straddle two regions (Molise and Campania) and four provinces (Campobasso, Isernia, B ...
. The main centres of the Hirpini were ''Maloenton'' (modern
Benevento), ''
Aeclanum
Aeclanum (also spelled Aeculanum, it, Eclano, grc, Ἀικούλανον) was an ancient town of Samnium, Southern Italy, about 25 km east-southeast of Beneventum, on the Via Appia. It lies in Passo di Mirabella, near the modern Mirabell ...
'' (
Mirabella Eclano
Mirabella Eclano is an Italian town and ''comune'' of the province of Avellino, in the Southern Italian Campania region. its population was of 7,904.
History
The Roman site of Aeclanum once stood nearby. It is now an archaeological park and li ...
), ''
Aequum Tuticum
Aequum Tuticum was a Roman vicus in southern Italy, about 35 km east-northeast of Beneventum. The site lies beside Saint Eleuterio hamlet, overlooking at an elevation of 575 m, about 15 km north of the modern Ariano Irpino, within Irp ...
'' (
Ariano Irpino), ' (near
Roseto Valfortore), ''Trivicum'' (
Trevico
Trevico is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.
Located in the Apennines upon a steep hill at 3,576 feet (1,090 m) altitude, Trevico is the highest inhabited place in Campania. Its main produce are hams, ch ...
), ''Compsa'' (
Conza
Conza della Campania (or Conza di Campania; formerly called Compsa, commonly known as Conza (Campanian: )) is a ''comune'' (municipality) and former Latin Catholic (arch)bishopric in the province of Avellino in the region of Campania in souther ...
), ''Aquilonia'' (
Lacedonia
Lacedonia ( Irpinian: ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania region, southern Italy, overlooking the Osento River which flows into the Lago di San Pietro (Lake of Saint Peter), an artificial lake. The town is part of the Roman ...
), and ''Abellinum'' (
Atripalda
Atripalda is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.
History
The town is the home of the ruins of ''Abellinum'', the Ancient Roman Avellino. A large than life-size Roman marble statue of a veiled priestess ...
).
No certain date for the arrival of the Hiripini in the region can be given. They were already settled here at the time of the
First Samnite War
The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC, and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe.
...
(342 BC). Their name is found in sources from 280 BC, when the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
general
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus (; grc-gre, Πύρρος ; 319/318–272 BC) was a Greek king and statesman of the Hellenistic period.Plutarch. '' Parallel Lives'',Pyrrhus... He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house, and later he be ...
made his expedition into Italy. A bronze medal reveals that they signed an alliance with the Samnites in 275 BC. ''Maloenton'' was early conquered by the
Romans
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
, which renamed it ''Beneventum'' and transformed it into a colony in 268 BC. The Hirpini suffered internal divisions at the time of the
Second Punic War.
Caius Marius gave them Roman citizenship in 87 BC, but they were deprived of any privilege under the former's victor,
Sulla (80 BC).
Some Roman roads passed through Hirpini's territory:
Via Appia
The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: ''Via Appia'') is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic. It connected Rome to Brindisi, in southeast Italy. Its importance is indicated by its common name, ...
, ,
Via Traiana
Via Appia ''(white)'' and Via Traiana ''(red)''
The Via Traiana was an ancient Roman road. It was built by the emperor Trajan as an extension of the Via Appia from Beneventum, reaching Brundisium (Brindisi) by a shorter route (i.e. via Canusi ...
, and few other ones.
After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire comprised the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court; in particular, this term is used in historiography to describe the period ...
, Irpinia came successively under Byzantine,
Lombard,
Hohenstaufen
The Hohenstaufen dynasty (, , ), also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254. The dynast ...
,
Anjou,
Aragonese and finally
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
domination. As part of the
Kingdom of Naples it was included in the ''Principato Ultra'' or ''Ulterior'', one of the few land-locked province of the kingdom. Feudalism was abolished in 1806, the same year in which Avellino was declared capital of the province.
Irpinia became part of the
newly united Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...
in 1861.
The district has been subject to a number of
strong earthquakes. On November 23, 1980, the 6.9
earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, fr ...
affected the area with a maximum
Mercalli intensity
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the eff ...
of X (''Extreme''), killing 2,483–4,900, and injuring 7,700–8,934.
Traditional produce and tourist sites
Irpinia has a proud tradition of producing wines such as
Fiano di Avellino,
Greco di Tufo and
Taurasi
Taurasi is a town and municipality in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy. In antiquity it was a town in Samnium. The town's name probably derives from the Latin ''Taurus''. Over time it changed from ''Taurasos'' to ''Taurasia ...
, all of which are classified as
DOCG. Its cheeses, including
scamorza
Scamorza () is a Southern Italian cow's milk cheese. It can also be made from other milks, but that is less common. It is a stretched-curd cheese, in which the fresh curd matures in its own whey for several hours to allow acidity to develop th ...
and
caciocavallo
Caciocavallo is a type of stretched-curd cheese made out of sheep's or cow's milk. It is produced throughout Southern Italy, particularly in the Apennine Mountains and in the Gargano peninsula. Shaped like a teardrop, it is similar in taste to ...
, have a high reputation. Irpinia's
salami
Salami ( ) is a cured sausage consisting of fermented and air-dried meat, typically pork. Historically, salami was popular among Southern, Eastern, and Central European peasants because it can be stored at room temperature for up to 45 days ...
(
Sopressata) and
sausage
A sausage is a type of meat product usually made from ground meat—often pork, beef, or poultry—along with salt, spices and other flavourings. Other ingredients, such as grains or breadcrumbs may be included as fillers or extenders.
...
s are popular, as are its
chestnuts, its
hazelnuts and the black
truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, predominantly one of the many species of the genus ''Tuber''. In addition to ''Tuber'', many other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including '' Geopora'', '' Pe ...
s of
Bagnoli Irpino.
Tourist amenities are the ski resort Laceno, with a lake near Mount Terminio, and some villages. The most popular Irpinia's town is
Ariano Irpino, which lies on the top of three steep hills and is provided with ancient sights (a medieval castle and a
romanic cathedral), some museums, majolica shops and traditional restaurants. Other noteworthy centers are
Mirabella Eclano
Mirabella Eclano is an Italian town and ''comune'' of the province of Avellino, in the Southern Italian Campania region. its population was of 7,904.
History
The Roman site of Aeclanum once stood nearby. It is now an archaeological park and li ...
(with the ancient town
Aeclanum
Aeclanum (also spelled Aeculanum, it, Eclano, grc, Ἀικούλανον) was an ancient town of Samnium, Southern Italy, about 25 km east-southeast of Beneventum, on the Via Appia. It lies in Passo di Mirabella, near the modern Mirabell ...
),
Gesualdo (with the castle which was the home of the "prince of musicians"
Carlo Gesualdo),
Rocca San Felice
Rocca San Felice is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.
Geography
Located in the central area of Irpinia, the municipality borders with Frigento, Guardia Lombardi, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Sturno and Vi ...
(Mefitis'site),
Calitri
Calitri ( la, Caletrium or ; Irpino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, Italy.
Overview
Calitri is in Campania near the borders of the regions of Apulia and Basilicata. It is approximately above sea level so on ...
(Castle village) and
Zungoli
Zungoli is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy, about from the town of Avellino.
Located in Irpinia historical district between the Ufita Valley and Daunian Mountains, Zungoli is awarded two quality ma ...
(a well preserved Medieval town).
Among the religious sanctuaries there are Montevergine (
Mercogliano), the Shrine of St. Gerard (
Caposele), the Sanctuary of Carpignano (
Grottaminarda
Grottaminarda (Irpino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Avellino (Campania), situated northeast of Naples, in the southwest of Italy.
Grottaminarda is part of Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia and its territory bor ...
), and the (
Ariano Irpino); the latter is located near an ancient mill in a green valley, where in the Middle Age the Madonna showed up.
See also
*
Ariano Irpino
*
Avellino
*
Campania
(man), it, Campana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demog ...
*
Duchy of Benevento
The Duchy of Benevento (after 774, Principality of Benevento) was the southernmost Lombard duchy in the Italian Peninsula that was centred on Benevento, a city in Southern Italy. Lombard dukes ruled Benevento from 571 to 1077, when it was conq ...
*
Hirpini
*
Irpinian dialect
*
List of earthquakes in Irpinia
This is a list of earthquakes that have occurred in the Italian seismic district of Irpinia since the 15th century. It comprises all of the significant earthquakes whose epicenter was located in Irpinia, not those whose epicenter was outside the ...
*
Oscan language
Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian.
Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including the ...
*
Province of Avellino
*
Samnites
References
External links
Irpinia Stories: English language blog about IrpiniaIrpinia landA tour in Irpinia: discovering the villages and typical foods
{{Authority control
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Geography of Campania
Province of Avellino