Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges

''Inter arma enim silent lēgēs'' is a Latin phrase that literally means "For among arms, the laws are silent" but is more popularly rendered as "In times of war, the law falls silent."

Ancient Rome

The aphorism was likely first written in these words by Cicero in his published oration ''Pro Milone'', but Cicero's actual wording was ''Silent enim lēgēs inter arma''.

When Cicero used the phrase, politically-motivated mob violence was common. Armed gangs led by partisan leaders controlled the streets of Rome, but such leaders were elected to high offices.

Other Latin writers used the expression like Jerome in Letter 126.

United States

US President Abraham Lincoln's request for an opinion on the suspension of the right to ''habeas corpus'' during the American Civil War eventually resulted in the decision in ''Ex parte Merryman'' (1861) of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, as a judge of the US Circuit Court for the District of Maryland:

The US government explicitly referred to the maxim in its argument in the case by remarking (with an additional reference to Cicero) that "these mendments of the Bill of Rights in truth, are all peace provisions of the Constitution and, like all other conventional and legislative laws and enactments, are silent amidst arms, and when the safety of the people becomes the supreme law."

The erosion of citizens' rights during World War II was upheld by the US Supreme Court in '' Hirabayashi v. United States'' (1943), a case that held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group was constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated. ''Yasui v. United States'' was a companion case that was decided on the same day.

In its more modern usage, the phrase has become a watchword about the erosion of civil liberties during wartime. In the immediate wake of the September 11 attacks, the maxim was aired and questioned in the media of the United States with renewed force. The implication of the saying, as currently used, is in debate whether civil liberties and freedoms are subservient to a wartime nation's duty of self-defense.

In 1998, Chief Justice William Rehnquist, in ''All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime'', suggested that "the least justified of the curtailments of civil liberty" were unlikely to be accepted by the courts in future wars: "It is neither desirable nor is it remotely likely that civil liberty will occupy as favored a position in wartime as it does in peacetime. But it is both desirable and likely that more careful attention will be paid by the courts to the basis for the government's claims of necessity as a basis for curtailing civil liberty.... The laws will thus not be silent in time of war, but they will speak with a somewhat different voice."

In 2004, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia used this phrase to decry the plurality decision in ''Hamdi v. Rumsfeld'', which upheld the detention of a US citizen as an enemy combatant without charge or suspension of ''habeas corpus'':
{{quote, Many think it not only inevitable but entirely proper that liberty give way to security in times of national crisis that, at the extremes of military exigency, ''inter arma silent leges''. Whatever the general merits of the view that war silences law or modulates its voice, that view has no place in the interpretation and application of a Constitution designed precisely to confront war and, in a manner that accords with democratic principles, to accommodate it.Antonin Scalia
dissenting opinion
in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004).

In fiction

The phrase was used as the title for a 1999 episode of the science fiction television series '' Star Trek: Deep Space Nine''. In the episode, the character Admiral William J. Ross uses the phrase to justify a morally-dubious act of espionage committed during the Dominion War.

See also

*State of emergency

References

External links

Cicero Pro Milone
at The Latin Library
Declan McCullogh, "Why Liberty Suffers in Wartime"
24 September 2001

30 September 2001

Brocards (law)
Cicero
Latin political words and phrases