Intensifier

In linguistics, an intensifier (abbreviated ) is a lexical category (but ''not'' a traditional part of speech) for a modifier that makes no contribution to the propositional meaning of a clause but serves to enhance and give additional emotional context to the word it modifies. Intensifiers are grammatical expletives, specifically ''expletive attributives'' (or, equivalently, ''attributive expletives'' or ''attributive-only expletives''; they also qualify as ''expressive attributives''), because they function as semantically vacuous filler. Characteristically, English draws intensifiers from a class of words called ''degree modifiers'', words that quantify the idea they modify. More specifically, they derive from a group of words called ''adverbs of degree'', also known as ''degree adverbs''. When used grammatically as intensifiers, these words cease to be degree adverbs, because they no longer quantify the idea they modify; instead, they emphasize it emotionally. By contrast, the words '' moderately'', '' slightly'', and '' barely'' are degree adverbs, but ''not'' intensifiers. The other hallmark of prototypical intensifiers is that they are adverbs which lack the primary characteristic of adverbs: the ability to modify verbs. Intensifiers modify exclusively adjectives and adverbs, but this rule is insufficient to classify intensifiers, since there exist other words commonly classified as adverbs that never modify verbs but are not intensifiers, e.g. '' questionably''.

For these reasons, Huddleston argues that intensifier not be recognized as a primary grammatical or lexical category. Intensifier is a category with grammatical properties, but insufficiently defined unless its functional significance is also described (what Huddleston calls a ''notional definition'').

Technically, intensifiers roughly qualify a point on the affective semantic property, which is gradable. Syntactically, intensifiers pre-modify either adjectives or adverbs. Semantically, they increase the emotional content of an expression. The basic intensifier is ''very''. A versatile word, English permits ''very'' to modify adjectives and adverbs, but not verbs. Other intensifiers often express the same intention as ''very''.

Examples of English intensifiers

Syntax

Not all intensifiers are the same syntactically—they vary on whether they can be used attributively or predicatively. For example, ''really'' and ''super'' can be used in both ways:Tagliamonte, Sali A. (2012). ''Variationist Sociolinguistics.'' UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p.9

::a. The car is ''really'' expensive. - Predicative intensifier
::b. the ''really'' expensive car - Attributive intensifier
::a. Today was ''super'' cold. - Predicative intensifier
::b. a ''super'' cold day - Attributive intensifier

Words such as ''so'' can only occur as predicative intensifiers while others, such as ''-ass'', typically are only attributive intensifiers:

::a. The car is ''so'' expensive. - Predicative intensifier
::b. *the ''so'' expensive car - Attributive intensifier (not grammatical)
::a. *Today was ''cold-ass''. - Predicative intensifier (not grammatical)The exception to this is ''badass'' which appears to be the source of this intensifier rather than an instance of it.
::b. a ''cold-ass'' day - Attributive intensifier

There is dialectal variation in the "correctness" of certain forms.

Illocutionary force

Use of an intensifier subtly suggests to the reader what emotion he should feel. By naming an emotion within the predicate, the writer compels the reader to consider this emotion and hence he begins to feel it.

Persuasiveness, credibility

Legal

In general, overuse of intensifiers negatively affects the persuasiveness or credibility of a legal argument. But if a judge's authoritative written opinion uses a high rate of intensifiers, a lawyer's written appeal of that opinion that also uses a high rate of intensifiers is associated with an increase in favorable outcomes for such appeals. Also, when judges disagree with each other in writing, they tend to use more intensifiers.

Business

A 2010 Stanford Graduate School of Business study found that, in quarterly earnings conference calls, deceptive CEOs use a greater percent quantity of "extreme positive emotions words" than CEOs telling the truth. This finding agrees with the presumption that a CEO attempting to hide poor performance exerts themself more forcefully to persuade their listeners. David F. Larcker and Zakolyukinaz give a list of 115 extreme positive emotions words, including intensifiers: awful, deucedly, emphatically, excellently, fabulously, fantastically, genuinely, gloriously, immensely, incredibly, insanely, keenly, madly, magnificently, marvelously, splendidly, supremely, terrifically, truly, unquestionably, wonderfully, very ood

A 2013 Forbes Magazine article about counterproductive modes of expression in English specifically discouraged use of ''really'', observing that it provokes doubt and degrades the speaker's credibility: "'Really' – Finder calls this a 'poor attempt to instill candor and truthfulness' that makes clients and coworkers question whether you're ''really'' telling the truth."

Quotes

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, in '' Human, All Too Human (1878)'', wrote:

''The narrator''. It is easy to tell whether a narrator is narrating because the subject matter interests him or because he wants to evoke interest through his narrative. If the latter is the case, he will exaggerate, use superlatives, etc. Then he usually narrates the worse, because he is not thinking so much about the story as about himself.''Human, All Too Human'', § 343

A quote often attributed to Mark Twain but probably by newspaper editor William Allen White is "Substitute 'damn' every time you're inclined to write 'very'; your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be."

See also

* Comparison (grammar)
* ''Do''-support
* Intensive word form
* self-intensifier
* So (sentence closer)

Notes

References

{{Reflist

External links

Modifying Meaning: Intensifiers

Grammar
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