The Insular Mountains are a
range of mountains in the
Pacific Coast Ranges
The Pacific Coast Ranges (officially gazetted as the Pacific Mountain System in the United States) are the series of mountain ranges that stretch along the West Coast of North America from Alaska south to Northern and Central Mexico. Although the ...
on the
Coast of British Columbia
, settlement_type = Region of British Columbia
, image_skyline =
, nickname = "The Coast"
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Canada
, subdivision_type1 = Province
, subdivision_name1 = British ...
,
Canada, comprising the
Vancouver Island Ranges and
Queen Charlotte Mountains. The Insular Mountains are rugged, particularly on Vancouver Island where peaks in
Strathcona Provincial Park
Strathcona Provincial Park is the oldest provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, and the largest on Vancouver Island. Founded in 1911, the park was named for Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, a wealthy philanthro ...
rise to elevations of more than . The highest of these mountains is
Golden Hinde
''Golden Hind'' was a galleon captained by Francis Drake in his circumnavigation of the world between 1577 and 1580. She was originally known as ''Pelican,'' but Drake renamed her mid-voyage in 1578, in honour of his patron, Sir Christopher Ha ...
on
Vancouver Island, which rises to .
Although the
Coast Mountain Range is usually referred to as the westernmost range of the
Pacific Cordillera
The North American Cordillera, sometimes also called the Western Cordillera of North America, the Western Cordillera or the Pacific Cordillera, is the North American portion of the American Cordillera, the mountain chain system (cordillera) alo ...
(since it is the westernmost range on the main landmass at that point), the Insular Mountains are the true westernmost range.
Geological history
These Insular Mountains are not yet fully emerged above
sea level, and
Vancouver Island and the
Haida Gwaii are just the higher elevations of the range, which was in fact fully exposed during the
last glacial period (maximum ice extent about 18,000 years ago) when the
continental shelf in this area was a broad
coastal plain
A coastal plain is flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast. A fall line commonly marks the border between a coastal plain and a piedmont area. Some of the largest coastal plains are in Alaska and the southeastern United States. The Gulf Co ...
.
The Insular Mountains formed when a chain of active
volcanic island
Geologically, a high island or volcanic island is an island of volcanic origin. The term can be used to distinguish such islands from low islands, which are formed from sedimentation or the uplifting of coral reefs (which have often formed ...
s (the
Insular Islands) collided against the
North American continent during the mid
Cretaceous period. The type of rocks that form the Insular Mountains are
turbidite
A turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbidity current, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
Sequencing
Turbidites were ...
s and
pillow lava
Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or ''subaqueous extrusion''. Pillow lavas in volcanic rock are characterized by thick sequences of disconti ...
s.
Granitic
A granitoid is a generic term for a diverse category of coarse-grained igneous rocks that consist predominantly of quartz, plagioclase, and alkali feldspar. Granitoids range from plagioclase-rich tonalites to alkali-rich syenites and from quartz ...
pluton
In geology, an igneous intrusion (or intrusive body or simply intrusion) is a body of intrusive igneous rock that forms by crystallization of magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Intrusions have a wide variety of forms and com ...
s seldom occur in the Insular Mountains, unlike the
Coast Mountains
The Coast Mountains (french: La chaîne Côtière) are a major mountain range in the Pacific Coast Ranges of western North America, extending from southwestern Yukon through the Alaska Panhandle and virtually all of the Coast of British Columbia ...
. The Insular Mountain range covers some 133,879 km
2 (51,691 sq mi). It experiences frequent
seismic activity
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...
, with the
Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At , it is the largest tectonic plate.
The plate first came into existence 190 million years ago, at the triple junction between the Farallon, Phoenix, and Iza ...
and the
Juan de Fuca Plate being subducted into the Earth's
mantle
A mantle is a piece of clothing, a type of cloak. Several other meanings are derived from that.
Mantle may refer to:
*Mantle (clothing), a cloak-like garment worn mainly by women as fashionable outerwear
**Mantle (vesture), an Eastern Orthodox ve ...
. Large
earthquakes have led to collapsing mountains,
landslides and
fissures.
During the last glacial period, ice enclosed nearly all of these mountains.
Glaciers that ran down to the
Pacific Ocean sharpened the
valley faces and
eroded
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is disti ...
their bottoms. These valleys were transformed into
fjord
In physical geography, a fjord or fiord () is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. Fjords exist on the coasts of Alaska, Antarctica, British Columbia, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Icel ...
s when the ice melted and the
sea level rose. Ice Age remnants may still be noted, such as the
Comox Glacier in the
Vancouver Island Ranges.
Sub-ranges
Haida Gwaii
*
Queen Charlotte Mountains, on
Haida Gwaii:
#
Cameron Range: On the western side of
Graham Island
Graham Island () is the largest island in the Haida Gwaii archipelago (previously known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), lying off the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is separated by the narrow Skidegate Channel from the other p ...
#
Crease Range: On north-central Graham Island
#
McKay Range: On the south coast of Graham Island
#
San Christoval Range: On the western side of
Moresby Island
Vancouver Island
*
Vancouver Island Ranges, on
Vancouver Island:
#
Refugium Range: On the Brooks Peninsula
#
Sophia Range: On Nootka Island, on the peninsula between Esperanza Inlet and Nuchatlitz Inlet
#
Genevieve Range:
Nootka Island
Nootka Island (french: île Nootka) is an island adjacent to Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is in area. It is separated from Vancouver Island by Nootka Sound and its side-inlets, and is located within Electoral Area A of the ...
#
Karmutzen Range: Between Nimpkish Lake, Tlakwa Creek and Karmuzten Creek
#
Hankin Range: Between Nimpkish Lake and Bonanza Lake
#
Franklin Range
The Franklin Range is a small mountain range on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located just southwest of Robson Bight and Johnstone Strait. It has an area of 200 km2 and is a subrange of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in tu ...
: Near
Robson Bight
Robson Bight is a small Vancouver Island bay at the west end of Johnstone Strait across from West Cracroft Island in British Columbia, Canada that includes a protected killer whale habitat famous for its whale-rubbing beaches. The bight is adja ...
on the
Johnstone Strait between the Tsitika River and Kokish River
#
Bonanza Range: Between the Nimpkish River and the Tsitika River by Bonanza Lake
#
Sutton Range: Between Nimpkish River, White River, Oktwanch River, Gold River
#
Newcastle Range: Johnstone Strait, west of Sayward-Kelsey Bay and east/north of Adams River
#
Prince of Wales Range: East coast of Vancouver Island 40 km (25 mi) north of Campbell River
#
Halifax Range: Along Johnstone Strait between Amor de Cosmos Creek and Pye Creek
#
Beaufort Range: North of
Port Alberni and west of
Qualicum Beach
#
Pelham Range: Between the Sarita River and Alberni Inlet
#
Somerset Range: Between The Pacheena-Sarita River basins and the Klanawa River (between Nitinat Lake and Imperial Eagle Channel)
#
Seymour Range: Between the valley of Cowichan Lake, San Juan River and Gordon River
#
Gowlland Range
The Gowlland Range is a low, small mountain range on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located just east of Saanich Inlet and south of Brentwood Bay. It has an area of and is a subrange of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in ...
: Near Victoria between
Saanich Inlet
, image = Saanich Inlet from Gowlland Tod Provincial Park, Vancouver Island, Canada 13.jpg
, image_size = 260px
, caption = Saanich Inlet from Gowlland Tod Provincial Park
, image_bathymetry =
, caption_bathymetry =
, location = Northwest o ...
and Brentwood Bay. Includes
Mount Work Regional Park
Mount Work is a mountain in the Gowlland Range on southern Vancouver Island. It is located within Mount Work Regional Park in the District of Highlands, near Gowlland Tod Provincial Park and Goldstream Provincial Park
Goldstream Provincial P ...
#
Pierce Range: South of Gold River between the Jacklah River and the Burman River
#
Haihte Range: Between Tashsis River, the Nomash River, Zeballos Lake and Woss Lake
The
Elk River Mountains, located in
Strathcona Provincial Park
Strathcona Provincial Park is the oldest provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, and the largest on Vancouver Island. Founded in 1911, the park was named for Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, a wealthy philanthro ...
, are sometimes classified as a range.
[Philips]
See also
*
Volcanism in Canada
Volcanism, Volcanic activity is a major part of the geology of Canada and is characterized by many types of volcanic landform, including lava flows, volcanic plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcano ...
*
Geology of the Pacific Northwest
References
{{Reflist
Pacific Coast Ranges
Mountain ranges of British Columbia
South Coast of British Columbia
Landforms of Vancouver Island
Landforms of Haida Gwaii