Indian epic poetry is the
epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
...
written in the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...
, traditionally called ''Kavya'' (or ''Kāvya'';
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
: काव्य, IAST: ''kāvyá''). The ''
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
'' and the ''
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the s ...
'', which were originally composed in
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
and later translated into many other Indian languages, and the
Five Great Epics of
Tamil literature and
Sangam literature
The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam'';) historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ'') connotes ...
are some of the oldest surviving epic poems ever written.
Hindi epics
In modern Hindi literature, ''
Kamayani
''Kamayani'' (Hindi : कामायनी) (1936) is a Hindi epic poem (Mahakavya) by Jaishankar Prasad (1889–1937). It is considered one of the greatest literary works written in modern times in Hindi literature. It also signifies the epito ...
'' by
Jaishankar Prasad
Jaishankar Prasad (30 January 1889 15 November 1937) was a prominent figure in modern Hindi literature as well as Hindi theatre. Prasad was his pen name. He was also known as Chhayavadi poet.
Poetic
Prasad started writing poetry with the pe ...
has attained the status of an epic. The narrative of Kamayani is based on a popular mythological story, first mentioned in
Satapatha Brahmana
The Shatapatha Brahmana ( sa, शतपथब्राह्मणम् , Śatapatha Brāhmaṇam, meaning 'Brāhmaṇa of one hundred paths', abbreviated to 'SB') is a commentary on the Śukla (white) Yajurveda. It is attributed to the Vedic ...
. It is a story of the
great flood
A flood myth or a deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these myths and the primaeval ...
and the central characters of the epic poem are
Manu
Manu may refer to:
Geography
* Manú Province, a province of Peru, in the Madre de Dios Region
**Manú National Park, Peru
** Manú River, in southeastern Peru
* Manu River (Tripura), which originates in India and flows into Bangladesh
*Manu Tem ...
(a male) and
Shraddha (a female). Manu is representative of the human psyche and Shradha represents love. Another female character is
Ida, who represents rationality. Some critics surmise that the three lead characters of Kamayani symbolize a synthesis of knowledge, action and desires in human life. It inspires humans to live a life based on "karm" and not on fortunes.
Apart from Kamayani, ''
Kurukshetra (Epic Poetry)'' (1946), ''
Rashmirathi
Rashmirathi (''Rashmi'': ''Ray of light'' ''Rathi'': ''One who rides a chariot (not the charioteer)'' ''Rashmirathi'': ''Rider of the chariot of light'') is a Hindi epic written in 1952, by the Hindi poet Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'. The epic poem na ...
'' (1952) and ''
Urvashi'' (1961) by
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' have attained the status of
epic poetry
An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
...
.
Likewise ''Lalita Ke Aansoo'' by Krant M. L. Verma (1978) narrates the tragic story about the death of
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri (; 2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was an Indian politician and statesman who served as the 2nd Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966 and 6th Home Minister of India from 1961 to 1963. He promoted the White Re ...
through his wife
Lalita Shastri.
Kannada epics
Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
epic poetry mainly consists of
Jain
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle being ...
religious literature and
Lingayat literature.
Asaga wrote ''Vardhaman Charitra'', an epic which runs in 18
cantos, in 853 CE, the first
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
biography of the 24th and last
tirthankara
In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (Sanskrit: '; English: literally a ' ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the '' dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a '' tirtha'', which is a fordable pass ...
of Jainism,
Mahavira, though his Kannada-language version of Kalidasa's epic poem, ''Kumārasambhava'', ''Karnataka Kumarasambhava Kavya'' is lost. The most famous poet from this period is
Pampa (902-975 CE), one of the most famous writers in the
Kannada language
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native ...
. His ''
Vikramarjuna Vijaya
''Vikramarjuna Vijaya'' (Kannada- ವಿಕ್ರಮಾರ್ಜುನ ವಿಜಯ) (''victory of the mighty Arjuna''), also known as Pampa Bharatha is a classic work of the 10th century Jain poet Pampa (902–975 AD). It is a Kannada version ...
'' (also called the ''Pampabharatha'') is hailed as a classic even to this day. With this and his other important work
Ādi purāṇa
Ādi purāṇa is a 9th century Sanskrit poem composed by Jinasena, a Digambara monk. It deals with the life of Rishabhanatha, the first ''Tirthankara''.
History
Adi Purana was composed by Jinasena (a Digambara monk) as a Sanskrit poem praising ...
he set a trend of poetic excellence for the Kannada poets of the future. The former work is an adaptation of the celebrated
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the s ...
, and is the first such adaptation in Kannada. Noted for the strong human bent and the dignified style in his writing, Pampa has been one of the most influential writers in Kannada. He is identified as ''Adikavi'' "first poet". It is only in Kannada that we have a
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
and a Mahabharata based on the Jain tradition in addition to those based on Brahmanical tradition.
Shivakotiacharya was the first writer in prose style. His work
Vaddaradhane is dated to 900 CE.
Sri Ponna
Ponna ( kn, ಪೊನ್ನ) (c. 945) was a noted Kannada poet in the court of Rashtrakuta Dynasty king Krishna III (r.939–968 CE). The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "emperor among poets" (''Kavichakravarthi'') for his ...
(939-966 CE) is also an important writer from the same period, with ''
Shanti Purana
Shanti may refer to:
In Sanskrit
* Inner peace, a state of being mentally and spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress
* Kshanti, one of the paramitas of Buddhism
* Sh ...
'' as his magnum opus. Another major writer of the period is ''
Ranna Ranna may refer to:
*Ranna, a subdivision of the town Auerbach in der Oberpfalz in Bavaria, Germany
* Ranna, Estonia, a village in the former municipality Pala Parish, Estonia
* Ranna (Danube), a river of Bavaria, Germany and of Upper Austria, trib ...
'' (949-? CE). His most famous works are the
Jain
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of ''Dharma''), with the first in the current time cycle being ...
religious work ''
Ajita Tirthankara Purana Ajita, Ajitha or Ajeeta may refer to:
* ''Ajita'', an alternative name of the future Buddha Maitreya
* ''Ajita'', a name applied to various mythological figures, including Shiva, Vishnu and Ajitanatha
* Ajit (given name), an Indian masculine given n ...
'' and the
Gada Yuddha
Gada or Gadha may refer to:
*Gada, Clara
*Gada, Helena
*Gadha, Nepal, a village development committee in Siraha District, Nepal
* ''Gadha'' (album), a 1998 album by Chandrabindoo
*Gadaa, an Oromo self-governance system
*Garha/GADA, a Jain caste of ...
, a birds' eye view of the ''Mahabharata'' set in the last day of the battle of
Kurukshetra and relating the story of the Mahabharata through a series of flashbacks. Structurally, the poetry in this period is in the ''Champu'' style, essentially poetry interspersed with lyrical prose.
The ''
Siribhoovalaya
The ''Siribhoovalaya'' ( kn, ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ) is a work of multi-lingual literature written by Kumudendu Muni, a Jain monk. The work is unique in that it employs not letters, but is composed entirely in Kannada numerals. The ''Sa ...
'' is a unique work of multilingual
Kannada literature written by
Kumudendu Muni
Kumudendu Muni ( kn, ಕುಮುದೇಂದು ಮುನಿ) was a ''Digambara monk'' who authored Siribhoovalaya, a unique multi-lingual literary work. Scholars are divided about when he lived and not much is known about him. It is believed ...
, a
Jain monk
Jain monasticism refers to the order of monks and nuns in the Jain community and can be divided into two major denominations: the ''Digambara'' and the '' Śvētāmbara''. The monastic practices of the two major sects vary greatly, but the ...
. The work is unique in that it does not employ letters, but is composed entirely in
Kannada numerals
The Kannada script ( IAST: ''Kannaḍa lipi''; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka ...
. The ''Saangathya''
metre
The metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its prefi ...
of
Kannada poetry
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) is the language spoken in Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, ಕರುನಾಡು). Karnataka has eight Jnanapeeth (ಜ್ಞಾನ ಪೀಠ ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತ) award winners, the highest honor bestowed for Indi ...
is employed in the work. It uses numerals 1 through 64 and employs various patterns or ''bandhas'' in a frame of 729 (27×27) squares to represent letters in nearly 18 scripts and over 700 languages. Some of the patterns used include the ''Chakrabandha'', ''Hamsabandha'', ''Varapadmabandha'', ''Sagarabandha'', ''Sarasabandha'', ''Kruanchabandha'', ''Mayurabandha'', ''Ramapadabandha'', and ''Nakhabandha''. As each of these patterns are identified and decoded, the contents can be read. The work is said to have around 600,000 verses, nearly six times as big as the ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata''.
The ''
Prabhulingaleele
''Prabhulingaleele'' is an epic poem written by Indian Virashaiva poet Chamarasa in the shatpadi metre. The book narrates the life story of the saint and poet Allama Prabhu. This poem and its subject influenced the 20th-century philosopher Ramana ...
'', ''
Basava purana'', ''
Channabasavapurana
Channabasavapurana is an epic shatpadi poem written by Virupakshapandita in Kannada. This book narrates the life story of Channabasavanna as the incarnation of lord Shiva
Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also kno ...
'' and ''
Basavarajavijaya
Basavarajavijaya (ಬಸವರಾಜ ವಿಜಯ) also known as Vrushabhendra Vijaya (ವೃಷಭೇನ್ದ್ರ ವಿಜಯ) was written by Shadaksharadeva in the 17th century. The book narrates the life story of Basavanna and the sharanas. ...
'' are a few of the Lingayat epics.
Meitei epics
Meitei language
Meitei (), also known as Manipuri (, ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of north-eastern India. It is spoken by around 1.8 million people, predominantly in the state of Manipur, but also by smaller communities in the rest of the country and in p ...
(officially known as
Manipuri language), an old
Sino-Tibetan language, originated from
Ancient Kangleipak (early
Manipur) in
North East India, is a language with a rich granary of epic poetries, mostly written in archaic version of the
Meitei script
)
, altname =
, type = Abugida
, languages = Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language)
, region =
* Manipur
, sample = "Meitei Mayek" (literally meaning "Meitei script" in Meitei language) written ...
in
PuYas, the Meitei texts.
The sagas of the seven
epic cycles of incarnations of the two divine lovers were originated from the shoreline
Moirang
Moirang is a town in the Indian state of Manipur. It is situated approximately 45 km south of the state capital Imphal. It has an area of 269 km2 with a population of 62,187 in 67 villages. It is best known for the being the place of o ...
around the
Loktak lake
, image =
, caption = Different scenes of the Loktak lake of Manipur
, alt = View of Loktak Lake and Phumdis
, image_bathymetry =
, caption_bathymetry =
, location = Manipur
, coords ...
in
Manipur. Their stories were composed in both prose and poetry, among which the ballad versions were usually sung by the minstrels, playing
Pena (musical instrument) since ancient times.
The ''
Khamba Thoibi'' is regarded as the greatest of all the Meitei epics. It consists of approximately 34,000
verses, even longer than the
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
. The epic poetry has fifteen chapters ( mni, Pandup) and ninety two sections ( mni, Taangkak). It is based on the legendary love story of
Khuman Khamba, an orphan man, and
Thoibi, the then princess of
Moirang
Moirang is a town in the Indian state of Manipur. It is situated approximately 45 km south of the state capital Imphal. It has an area of 269 km2 with a population of 62,187 in 67 villages. It is best known for the being the place of o ...
. Though the legend existed in the immortal songs of the Meitei balladeers, it was composed in a proper poetic version under the title "Khamba Thoibi Seireng", by Hijam Anganghal in 1940.
The ''
Numit Kappa'', literally meaning "Shooting at the Sun" in
Meitei, is a 1st century BC Meitei epic, based on the story of a hero named ''Khwai Nungjeng Piba'', who shoots one of the two shining
suns in the sky, to create the
night
Night (also described as night time, unconventionally spelled as "nite") is the period of ambient darkness from sunset to sunrise during each 24-hour day, when the Sun is below the horizon. The exact time when night begins and ends depends ...
.
The ''Ougri'' is the collection of musical epic poetries, associated with religious themes, originated during the reign of King
Nongda Lairen Pakhangba in 33 AD. Other epics include ''Shingel Indu'' by Hijam Anganghal, ''Khongjom Tirtha'' by Nilabir Sharma, ''Chingoi Baruni'' by Gokul Shastri, ''Kansa Vadha'' by A. Dorendrajit, and ''Vasudeva Mahakavya'' by Chingangbam Kalachand.
However, the
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
epics such as the
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the s ...
and the
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
were also translated into
Meitei language
Meitei (), also known as Manipuri (, ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of north-eastern India. It is spoken by around 1.8 million people, predominantly in the state of Manipur, but also by smaller communities in the rest of the country and in p ...
in the medieval times.
Other translated epic works include the ''
Meghnad Badh Kavya
''Meghnad Badh Kavya'' ( bn, মেঘনাদবধ কাব্য; English: The Slaying of Meghnada) is a Bengali epic poem by Michael Madhusudan Dutta. Regarded as a central work in Bengali literature and Dutta's greatest literary work as we ...
'', the ''
Bhagavad Gita'', and the ''
Ashtakam {{Hindu scriptures
The term ashtakam ( sa, अष्टकम् aṣṭakam), also often written astakam, is derived from the Sanskrit word ''aṣṭā'', meaning "eight". In context of poetic compositions, 'ashtakam' refers to a particular form ...
''.
Assamese epics
In 14th century Madhav Kandali dubbed the epic Ramayana as
Saptakanda Ramayana. In chronology, among vernacular translations of the original Sanskrit, Kandali's Ramayana comes after
Kamban's (
Tamil, 12th century), and ahead of
Kirttivas' (
Bengali, 15th century),
Tulsidas' (
Awadhi, 16th century), Balaram Das' (Oriya) etc. Thus it becomes the first rendition of the
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
into an
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pa ...
in the Indian subcontinent.
Sanskrit epics
The ancient Sanskrit epics the ''
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
'' and ''
Mahabharata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Ramayana, Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the s ...
'' comprise together the
Itihāsa
Itihasa () refers to the collection of written descriptions of important events in Hinduism. It includes the Mahabharata, the Puranas and the Ramayana. The Mahabharata includes the story of the Kurukshetra War and preserves the traditions of ...
("Writer has himself witnessed the story") or
Mahākāvya ("Great Compositions"), a
canon
Canon or Canons may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base
* Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture
** Western ca ...
of
Hindu scripture
Hindu texts are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. A few of these texts are shared across these traditions and they are broadly considered Hindu scriptures. These ...
. Indeed, the epic form prevailed and verse remained until very recently the preferred form of Hindu literary works.
Indian culture readily lent itself to a literary tradition that abounded in epic poetry and literature. The
Puranas, a massive collection of verse-form histories of India's many Hindu gods and goddesses, followed in this tradition.
Itihāsa
Itihasa () refers to the collection of written descriptions of important events in Hinduism. It includes the Mahabharata, the Puranas and the Ramayana. The Mahabharata includes the story of the Kurukshetra War and preserves the traditions of ...
and
Puranas are mentioned in the
Atharva Veda
The Atharva Veda (, ' from ' and ''veda'', meaning "knowledge") is the "knowledge storehouse of ''atharvāṇas'', the procedures for everyday life".Laurie Patton (2004), Veda and Upanishad, in ''The Hindu World'' (Editors: Sushil Mittal and G ...
and referred to as the ''fourth Veda''.
[Chāndogya Upaniṣad 7.1.2,4]
The language of these texts, termed ''Epic Sanskrit'', constitutes the earliest phase of
Classical Sanskrit, following the latest stage of
Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid- 2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It was orally preser ...
found in the
Shrauta Sutras
Kalpa ( sa, कल्प) means "proper, fit" and is one of the six disciplines of the Vedānga, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas – the scriptures of Hinduism. This field of study is focused on the procedures and ceremonies asso ...
. The ''
Suparṇākhyāna'', a late Vedic poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," is an older, shorter precursor to the expanded legend of
Garuda
Garuda (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ; Vedic Sanskrit: गरुळ Garuḷa) is a Hindu demigod and divine creature mentioned in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. He is primarily depicted as the mount (''vahana'') of the Hindu god Vishnu. Garuda ...
that is included within the ''Mahābhārata''.
The Buddhist kavi
Aśvaghoṣa wrote two epics and one drama. He lived in the 1st-2nd century. He wrote a biography of the Buddha, titled Buddhacarita. His second epic is called Saundarananda and tells the story of the conversion of Nanda, the younger brother of the Buddha. The play he wrote is called Śariputraprakaraṇa, but of this play only a few fragments remained.
The famous poet and playwright
Kālidāsa also wrote two epics: ''
Raghuvamsha'' (''The Dynasty of Raghu'') and ''
Kumarasambhava'' (''The Birth of Kumar Kartikeya''). Other Classical Sanskrit epics are the ''Slaying of Śiśupāla'' ''
Śiśupālavadha
The Shishupala Vadha ( sa, शिशुपालवध, IAST: ''Śiśupāla-vadha'', ''lit.'' "the slaying of Shishupala") is a work of classical Sanskrit poetry ('' kāvya'') composed by Māgha in the 7th or 8th century. It is an epic poem in 20 ...
'' of
Māgha
Magha (c. 7th century) ( sa, माघ, ) was a Sanskrit poet at King Varmalata's court at Shrimala, the then-capital of Gujarat (presently in Rajasthan state). Magha was born in a Shrimali Brahmin family. He was the son of Dattaka Sarvacharya ...
, ''Arjuna and the Mountain Man'' ''
Kirātārjunīya'' of
Bhāravi, the ''Adventures of the Prince of Nishadha'' ''
Naiṣadhacarita'' of
Śrīharṣa and ''Bhaṭṭi's Poem'' ''
Bhaṭṭikāvya
' (; "Bhatti's Poem") is a Sanskrit-language poem dating from the 7th century CE, in the formal genre of "great poem" (mahākāvya). It focuses on two deeply rooted Sanskrit traditions, the ''Ramayana'' and Panini's grammar, while incorporating nu ...
'' of
Bhaṭṭi.
Tamil epics
The post-
sangam period (2nd century-6th century) saw many great
Tamil epics being written, including ''
Cilappatikaram
''Cilappatikāram'' ( ta, சிலப்பதிகாரம் ml, ചിലപ്പതികാരം,IPA: ʧiləppət̪ikɑːrəm, ''lit.'' "the Tale of an Anklet"), also referred to as ''Silappathikaram'' or ''Silappatikaram'', is the e ...
'' (or ''
Silappadhikaram''), ''
Manimegalai
Manimegalai is an Indian television presenter and video jockey who is working in Tamil television industry for almost 12 years. Since 2010, she has regularly been a host for shows on Sun Network before joining Star Vijay in 2019. She gained ...
'', ''
Civaka Cintamani'', ''
Valayapathi'' and ''
Kundalakesi
''Kundalakesi'' ( ta, குண்டலகேசி Kuṇṭalakēci, ''lit.'' "woman with curly hair"), also called ''Kuntalakeciviruttam'', is a Tamil Buddhist epic written by Nathakuthanaar, likely sometime in the 10th-century.Aiyangar 2004 ...
''. Out of the five, ''Manimegalai'' and ''Kundalakesi'' are Buddhist religious works, ''Civaka Cintamani'' and ''Valayapathi'' are
Tamil Jain works and ''Silappatikaram'' has a neutral religious view. They were written over a period of 1st century CE to 10th century CE and act as the historical evidence of social, religious, cultural and academic life of people during the era they were created. ''Civaka Cintamani'' introduced long verses called ''virutha pa'' in Tamil literature,
[Datta 2004, p. 720] while ''Silappatikaram'' used ''akaval'' meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature.
Later, during the
Chola period,
Kamban (12th century) wrote what is considered one of the greatest Tamil epics — the
''Kamba Ramayanam'' of
Kamban, based on the Valmiki Ramayana. The Thiruthondat Puranam (or
Periya Puranam
The ''Periya purāṇam'' (Tamil: பெரிய புராணம்), that is, the ''great purana'' or epic, sometimes called ''Tiruttontarpuranam'' ("Tiru-Thondar-Puranam", the Purana of the Holy Devotees), is a Tamil poetic ...
) of Chekkizhar is the great Tamil epic of the Shaiva Bhakti saints and is part of the religious scripture of Tamil Nadu's majority Shaivites.
Notes
References
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External links
MAHE Mahabharata Digital Concordanceby i Department of Philosophy - Manipal]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Epic Poetry
Classical literature
Indian poetics
History of literature in India
Kannada literature
Meitei literature
Sanskrit literature
Tamil-language literature
Epic poetry
E