The Imperial Military School of Medicine,Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital: The Memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman Point of View." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors). ''Istanbul - Kushta - Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930''.

Routledge Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

, 10 October 2018. , 9781351805223.

Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...

P
263
(actually circa p. 267) or the Imperial School of Medicine (''Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane'') was a

school of medicine A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, or part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, MB ...

Ottoman Constantinople Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. That early settlement, important in the spread of the Neolithi ...

. The school has changed locations several times. The well-known building in the

Üsküdar Üsküdar () is a large and densely populated district of Istanbul, Turkey, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus. It is bordered to the north by Beykoz, to the east by Ümraniye, to the southeast by Ataşehir and to the south by Kadıköy; w ...

district of

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

is a collaboration by Levantine architect Alexandre Vallaury and

Raimondo D'Aronco Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857–1932) was an Italian people, Italian architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. He was the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul f ...

in the Ottoman Revivalist architectural style, incorporating Ottoman and Seljuk design features. It was built between 1893 and 1903. It currently houses the University of Health Sciences campus at

Haydarpaşa Haydarpaşa is a neighborhood within the Kadıköy and Üsküdar districts on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. Haydarpaşa is named after Ottoman Vizier Haydar Pasha. The place, on the coast of Sea of Marmara, borders to Harem in the northwest ...

. Originally commissioned by

Sultan Mahmud II Mahmud II ( ota, محمود ثانى, Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, tr, II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, ...

in 1827 to be operated by the military, it was the empire's first medical school,Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule''.

, July 7, 2016. , 9781317118459. Start: p
115
CITED: p
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modeled on those in the West. - First published November 1, 2003. - Cited: p. 226 (PDF p. 1/5). Ottoman Muslims did not often study abroad, and most of the faculty's founding staff were religious minorities from non-Muslim Ottoman families. Their foreign language skills and study at European institutions laid the foundation for the establishment of medicine in the Ottoman Empire.

History

established the school on 14 March 1827. That year Mahmud II announced that the school would for the time being teach in French. At that time most of the instructors and students at the military medical school were non-Muslims and included

Armenians Armenians ( hy, հայեր, ''hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora ...

Arab Christians Arab Christians ( ar, ﺍَﻟْﻤَﺴِﻴﺤِﻴُّﻮﻥ ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ, translit=al-Masīḥīyyūn al-ʿArab) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic-speakers who adhere to Christianity. The number of Arab Christians who l ...

Bulgarians Bulgarians ( bg, българи, Bǎlgari, ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe. Etymology Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely understo ...

, and

Greeks The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and, to a lesser extent, oth ...

.Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). ''Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule'' (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. , 9781317118442.

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The campus was in a former imperial

page Page most commonly refers to: * Page (paper), one side of a leaf of paper, as in a book Page, PAGE, pages, or paging may also refer to: Roles * Page (assistance occupation), a professional occupation * Page (servant), traditionally a young mal ...

school,Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). ''Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World'', Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p
532
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in

Galatasaray Galatasaray Spor Kulübü (, ''Galatasaray Sports Club'') is a Turkish sports club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul in Turkey. Most notable for its association football department, the club also consists of various other de ...

, in Pera (now

Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (, ota, بك‌اوغلی, script=Arab) is a district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera (Πέρα, meani ...

).Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). ''Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World'', Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p
532
CITED: p
536
Accordingly students were known as the "Students of Galatasaray".Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital: the memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman point of view." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors). ''Istanbul - Kushta - Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930''.

, 10 October 2018. , 9781351805223. p. 262. According to Constantinos Trompoukis and John Lascaratos Greeks were well-represented among founding staff due to their foreign-language skills and their study experiences in Europe. Many Ottoman Muslims hitherto had not focused on foreign languages. Johann Strauss, author of "Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital: The Memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman Point of View," wrote that in the teaching staff "Greeks were especially conspicuous". In addition professors from

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

joined the faculty, Thusly, a sizeable portion of the teaching staff was drawn from the empire's non-Muslim religious communities supplemented by visiting Germans. The building suffered from a fire in 1848 which destroyed some official records. The school moved to the

Golden Horn The Golden Horn ( tr, Altın Boynuz or ''Haliç''; grc, Χρυσόκερας, ''Chrysókeras''; la, Sinus Ceratinus) is a major urban waterway and the primary inlet of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey. As a natural estuary that connects with t ...

. In 1850 the school had eleven regular professors; four of them were ethnic Greeks. In 1861 the Counsel of Civil Medical Affairs requested that the medical college begin licensing pharmacists after incidents with unlicensed pharmacists caused injuries and deaths in the empire. Afterwards pharmacists were required to have a master of pharmacy from the Imperial Medical School, or an equivalent from a university in Europe. It moved to the gardens of

Topkapı Palace The Topkapı Palace ( tr, Topkapı Sarayı; ota, طوپقپو سرايى, ṭopḳapu sarāyı, lit=cannon gate palace), or the Seraglio A seraglio, serail, seray or saray (from fa, سرای, sarāy, palace, via Turkish and Italian) i ...

Sarayburnu Sarayburnu ( tr, Sarayburnu, meaning ''Palace Cape''; known in English as the Seraglio Point) is a promontory quarter separating the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara in Istanbul, Turkey. The area is where the renowned Topkapı Palace and Gülh ...

(Seraglio Point) in 1866, and that year alumnus Salih

Effendi Effendi or effendy ( tr, efendi ; ota, افندی, efendi; originally from grc-x-medieval, αφέντης ) is a title of nobility meaning ''sir'', ''lord'' or ''master'', especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus''.'' The title it ...

became the head of the school. By the 1860s advocates of French medium instruction and Ottoman Turkish medium instruction were engaged in conflict; Turks advocated for Turkish while minority groups and foreigners advocated for French.

Spyridon Mavrogenis Spyridon Mavrogenis PashaKuneralp, Sinan. "Ottoman Diplomatic and Consular Personnel in the United States of America, 1867-1917." In: Criss, Nur Bilge, Selçuk Esenbel, Tony Greenwood, and Louis Mazzari (editors). ''American Turkish Encounters: Po ...

, employed in the imperial medical school as a professor, advocated for the usage of French. - First published November 1, 2003. - Cited: p. 228 (PDF p. 3/5). The governing body, the Dari-Choura, adopted the proposal of Ahmet

Bey Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...

to make Ottoman Turkish the instructional language, arguing that Muslim students were at a disadvantage with French; at the time Muslims made up about 66% of the students.Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). ''Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World'', Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p
532
CITED: p
538
By 1871, after the Tanzimat movement gave additional rights to Christian minorities, the school had a Greek director. Of the 18 other professors, nine were Greeks. It merged with the civilian medical school in 1909 to form what was known as the Medical School.

Governance

Circa 1871 the Dari-Choura were the governing body of the school. According to Dr. R. Sarell, who was a doctor employed at the Imperial Maternity Hospital in the city, many members had a military background or lacked an education altogether, something he criticised them for.

Notable people

; Professors * Constantinos Caratheodory (1802-1879), Constantinos Caratheodory (1802-1879) * Friedrich Wilhelm Noë (1798 – 1858), also the director of the school's botanical garden. *

Strauss identified Sarandes Archigenes (1809-1874) a.k.a. Sarandi

; Stephan Caratheodory a.k.a. İstefanaki Effendi; and Constantine Caratheodory (1802-1879), Constantine Caratheodory (1802-1879), a nephew of Stephan; as being the most notable Greek teachers.

The Herbarium of the Imperial School of Medicine

Friedrich Wilhelm Noë established a herbarium at the school. Specimens distributed from this herbarium are today held worldwide, including at the National Herbarium of Victoria, at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.The Australasian Virtual Herbarium.
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References

External links