Lombardy Lombardy ( it, Lombardia, Lombard language, Lombard: ''Lombardia'' or ''Lumbardia' '') is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in the northern-central part of the country and has a population of about 10 ...

elected its second delegation to the

Italian Senate The Senate of the Republic ( it, Senato della Repubblica), or simply the Senate ( it, Senato), is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament (the other being the Chamber of Deputies). The two houses together form a perfect bicameral sy ...

on June 7, 1953. This election was a part of national Italian general election of 1953 even if, according to the Italian Constitution, every senatorial challenge in each

Region In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...

is a single and independent race. The election was won by the centrist

Christian Democracy Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...

, as it happened at national level. All Lombard provinces gave a

majority A majority, also called a simple majority or absolute majority to distinguish it from #Related terms, related terms, is more than half of the total.Dictionary definitions of ''majority'' aMerriam-Webster plurality Plurality may refer to: Voting * Plurality (voting), or relative majority, when a given candidate receives more votes than any other but still fewer than half of the total ** Plurality voting, system in which each voter votes for one candidate and ...

to the winning party.

Background

Alcide De Gasperi's

weakened in this election, after that the exceptional conditions of 1948 had expired. However,

remained a stronghold for the national leading party. Communists and Socialists obtained more votes running divided than they did together five years before, absorbing most of the Republican electorate. Even if the Communists obtained some seats in the

agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...

south, the Socialists remarked their strength in the

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

ese industrial neighbourhood. The

Italian Democratic Socialist Party The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (, PSDI), also known as Italian Social Democratic Party, was a minor social-democratic political party in Italy. The longest serving partner in government for Christian Democracy, the PSDI had been an im ...

obtained a seat in

, a city led by its

mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well a ...

Virgilio Ferrari Virgilio Ferrari (9 March 1888 – 12 June 1975) was an Italian Democratic Socialist Party politician. He was mayor of Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most po ...

, while the rightist and anti-constitutional

Italian Social Movement The Italian Social Movement ( it, Movimento Sociale Italiano, MSI) was a neo-fascist political party in Italy. A far-right party, it presented itself until the 1990s as the defender of Italian fascism's legacy, and later moved towards national ...

and the Monarchist National Party took away some Conservative votes from the Christian Democracy and obtained their first seats in the bourgeois centers of

and

Como Como (, ; lmo, Còmm, label=Comasco dialect, Comasco , or ; lat, Novum Comum; rm, Com; french: Côme) is a city and ''comune'' in Lombardy, Italy. It is the administrative capital of the Province of Como. Its proximity to Lake Como and ...

Electoral system

The electoral system introduced in 1948 for the newly elected Senate was a strange

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

which established a form of

proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) refers to a type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to geographical (e.g. states, regions) and political divis ...

into FPTP-like constituencies. A candidate needed a

landslide victory A landslide victory is an election result in which the victorious candidate or party wins by an overwhelming margin. The term became popular in the 1800s to describe a victory in which the opposition is "buried", similar to the way in which a geol ...

of more than 65% of votes to obtain a direct mandate. All constituencies where this result was not reached entered into an

at-large At large (''before a noun'': at-large) is a description for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent a whole membership or population (notably a city, county, state, province, nation, club or association), rather than ...

calculation based upon the

D'Hondt method The D'Hondt method, also called the Jefferson method or the greatest divisors method, is a method for allocating seats in parliaments among federal states, or in party-list proportional representation systems. It belongs to the class of highest- ...

to distribute the seats between the parties, and candidates with the best percentages of suffrages inside their

party list An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can ...

were elected.

Results

, - , - bgcolor="#E9E9E9" !rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top", Party !rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top", votes !rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top", votes (%) !rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top", seats !rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top", swing , - !align="left" valign="top",

, valign="top", 1,739,691 , valign="top", 46.7 , valign="top", 16 , valign="top", 2 , - !align="left" valign="top", Italian Communist Party , valign="top", 678,804 , valign="top", 18.2 , valign="top", 6 , valign="top", 1 , - !align="left" valign="top",

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country. Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...

, valign="top", 648,787 , valign="top", 17.4 , valign="top", 6 , valign="top", 1 , - !align="left" valign="top",

, valign="top", 215,196 , valign="top", 5.8 , valign="top", 1 , valign="top", = , - !align="left" valign="top",

, valign="top", 140,327 , valign="top", 3.8 , valign="top", 1 , valign="top", 1 , - !align="left" valign="top", Monarchist National Party , valign="top", 124,905 , valign="top", 3.6 , valign="top", 1 , valign="top", 1 , - !align="left" valign="top", Others & PRI , valign="top", 175,418 , valign="top", 4.7 , valign="top", - , valign="top", 2 , - bgcolor="#E9E9E9" !rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top", Total parties !rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top", 3,723,128 !rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top", 100.0 !rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top", 31 !rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top", = Sources
Italian Ministry of the Interior
/small>

Constituencies

, - , - bgcolor="#E9E9E9" !align="left" valign="top", N° !align="center" valign="top", Constituency !align="center" valign="top", Elected !align="center" valign="top", Party !align="center" valign="top", Votes % !align="center" valign="top", Others , - , align="left", 1 , align="left",

Bergamo Bergamo (; lmo, Bèrghem ; from the proto- Germanic elements *''berg +*heim'', the "mountain home") is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Como ...

, align="left", Cristoforo Pezzini , align="left",

, align="left", 61.8% , align="left", , - , align="left", 2 , align="left", Clusone , align="left", Pietro Bellora , align="left",

, align="left", 70.7% , align="left", , - , align="left", 3 , align="left", Treviglio , align="left", Daniele Turani , align="left",

, align="left", 63.4% , align="left", , - , align="left", 4 , align="left",

Brescia Brescia (, locally ; lmo, link=no, label= Lombard, Brèsa ; lat, Brixia; vec, Bressa) is a city and ''comune'' in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo. ...

, align="left",

Angelo Buizza Angelo Buizza (6 October 1885 - 18 January 1971) was a member of the Italian Christian Democracy, and was an Italian Senator from Lombardy. He retired in 1963. Political career Buizza won elective office in three consecutive campaigns between 194 ...

, align="left",

, align="left", 48.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 5 , align="left", Breno , align="left",

Angelo Cemmi Angelo Cemmi was a member of the Italian Christian Democracy, and was an Italian Senator from Lombardy. He retired in 1963. Political career Cemmi, mayor of Darfo in office, entered in the Italian Senate in 1948. He retired after two re-electi ...

, align="left",

, align="left", 64.1% , align="left", , - , align="left", 6 , align="left",

Chiari Chiari may refer to: * Chiari (surname) *Chiari, Lombardy, a commune in Italy * The Chiari Institute, a medical institution in Great Neck, New York *Battle of Chiari (1701), part of the War of the Spanish Succession See also * Arnold–Chiari malf ...

, align="left", Pietro Cenini , align="left",

, align="left", 58.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 7 , align="left",

Salò Salò (; la, Salodium) is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy (northern Italy) on the banks of Lake Garda, on which it has the longest promenade. The city was the seat of government of the Italian Social R ...

, align="left", Francesco Zane , align="left",

, align="left", 54.0% , align="left", , - , align="left", 8 , align="left",

, align="left",

Attilio Terragni Attilio Terragni was a member of the rightist Monarchist National Party, and was the sole Italian Senator from Lombardy belonging to this party. He died in office in 1958. He was an architect by training and brother of Giuseppe Terragni. Politi ...

, align="left", Monarchist National Party , align="left", 6.8% , align="left",

Giuseppe Terragni Giuseppe Terragni (; 18 April 1904 – 19 July 1943) was an Italian architect who worked primarily under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and pioneered the Italian modern movement under the rubric of Rationalism. His most famous work is the C ...

( DC) 46.1% , - , align="left", 9 , align="left", Lecco , align="left", Pietro Amigoni , align="left",

, align="left", 58.4% , align="left", , - , align="left", 10 , align="left",

Cantù Cantù (; Brianzöö: ) is a city and ''comune'' in the Province of Como, located at the center of the Brianza zone in Lombardy. It is the second largest city in Brianza. History The name could stem from that of the Canturigi, a population of I ...

, align="left", Lorenzo Spallino , align="left",

, align="left", 56.3% , align="left", , - , align="left", 11 , align="left",

Cremona Cremona (, also ; ; lmo, label= Cremunés, Cremùna; egl, Carmona) is a city and ''comune'' in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the ''Pianura Padana'' ( Po Valley). It is the capital of th ...

, align="left",

Antonio Banfi Antonio Banfi (Vimercate, 30 September 1886 – Milano, 22 July 1957) was an Italian philosopher and senator. He is also noted for founding the Italian philosophical school called critical rationalism. Although influenced by the Marburg neo- ...

, align="left", Italian Communist Party , align="left", 25.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 12 , align="left", Crema , align="left",

Ennio Zelioli Ennio Zelioli Lanzini (8 February 1899 – 8 February 1976) was an Italian politician that become List of Presidents of the Italian Senate, President of the Senate in 1967.Christian Democracy Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...

, align="left", 52.7% , align="left", , - , align="left", 13 , align="left",

Mantua Mantua ( ; it, Mantova ; Lombard language, Lombard and la, Mantua) is a city and ''comune'' in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, province of the same name. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the Italian Capital of Culture ...

, align="left", Alceo Negri , align="left",

, align="left", 25.2% , align="left", Clarenzo Menotti (

PCI PCI may refer to: Business and economics * Payment card industry, businesses associated with debit, credit, and other payment cards ** Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, a set of security requirements for credit card processors * Pro ...

) 21.2% , - , align="left", 14 , align="left", Ostiglia , align="left",

Arturo Colombi Arturo Colombi (born January 6, 1958) is an Argentine Radical Civic Union (UCR) politician, and former governor of Corrientes Province. Born in Mercedes, Corrientes, and educated at the National University of the Northeast with a degree in civil ...

Rodolfo Morandi , align="left", Italian Communist Party

, align="left", 29.3%
27.1% , align="left", , - , align="left", 15 , align="left",

1 , align="left", Mario Marina , align="left",

, align="left", 8.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 16 , align="left",

2 , align="left", ''None elected'' , align="left", , align="left", , align="left", , - , align="left", 17 , align="left",

3 , align="left", ''None elected'' , align="left", , align="left", , align="left", , - , align="left", 18 , align="left",

4 , align="left",

Emilio Canevari Emilio may refer to: * Emilio Navaira, a Mexican-American singer often called "Emilio" * Emilio Piazza Memorial School, in Port Harcourt, Rivers State * Emilio (given name) * ''Emilio'' (film), a 2008 film by Kim Jorgensen See also * Emílio (dis ...

, align="left",

, align="left", 9.9% , align="left", , - , align="left", 19 , align="left",

5 , align="left", ''None elected'' , align="left", , align="left", , align="left", , - , align="left", 20 , align="left",

6 , align="left", Piero Montagnani
Francesco Mariani , align="left", Italian Communist Party

, align="left", 31.0%
22.5% , align="left", , - , align="left", 21 , align="left", Abbiategrasso , align="left", Giorgio Marzola , align="left",

, align="left", 21.7% , align="left", Emanuele Samek Lodovici ( DC) 46.0% , - , align="left", 22 , align="left",

Rho Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ; el, ρο or el, ρω, label=none) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the sa ...

, align="left", Carlo Corti

Amilcare Locatelli __NOTOC__ Hamilcar ( xpu, 𐤇𐤌𐤋𐤊 , ,. or , , "Melqart is Gracious"; grc-gre, Ἁμίλκας, ''Hamílkas'';) was a common Carthaginian masculine given name. The name was particularly common among the ruling families of ancient Carthage. ...

, align="left",

, align="left", 49.7%
19.7% , align="left", , - , align="left", 23 , align="left",

Monza Monza (, ; lmo, label=Lombard language, Lombard, Monça, locally ; lat, Modoetia) is a city and ''comune'' on the River Lambro, a tributary of the Po River, Po in the Lombardy region of Italy, about north-northeast of Milan. It is the capit ...

, align="left", Mario Longoni , align="left",

, align="left", 50.8% , align="left", , - , align="left", 24 , align="left",

Vimercate Vimercate (; lmo, label=Brianzöö, Vimercaa ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Monza and Brianza, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is from Milan and from Monza. Its name (whose first finding dates back to the year 745) derives from t ...

, align="left",

Cesare Merzagora Cesare Merzagora (9 November 1898 – 1 May 1991) was an Italian politician from Milan. Biography Merzagora was born in Milan on November 9, 1898. Between 1947 and 1949 Merzagora would serve as Italy's Minister of Foreign Trade. He was Pres ...

Giuseppe Roda , align="left",

( Indep.)

, align="left", 56.2%
19.2% , align="left", , - , align="left", 25 , align="left", Lodi , align="left", Gianmaria Cornaggia , align="left",

, align="left", 47.1% , align="left", , - , align="left", 26 , align="left",

Pavia Pavia (, , , ; la, Ticinum; Medieval Latin: ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy in northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c. 73,086. The city was the capit ...

, align="left", Giovanni Farina , align="left", Italian Communist Party , align="left", 26.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 27 , align="left",

Voghera The Castle of Voghera in a 19th-century etching. Voghera ( Vogherese dialect of Emilian: ''Vughera''; Latin: ''Forum Iulii Iriensium'') is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. The population was 39,374 ...

, align="left",

Cesare Gavina Cesare, the Italian version of the given name Caesar, may refer to: Given name * Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria (1738–1794), an Italian philosopher and politician * Cesare Airaghi (1840–1896), Italian colonel * Cesare Arzelà (1847–1912), ...

, align="left", Italian Communist Party , align="left", 23.9% , align="left", Enrico Gazzale ( PNM) 6.6% , - , align="left", 28 , align="left", Vigevano , align="left", Giuseppe Alberganti , align="left", Italian Communist Party , align="left", 34.1% , align="left", , - , align="left", 29 , align="left",

Sondrio Sondrio (; lmo, Sùndri; rm, Sunder; archaic german: Sünders or ; la, Sundrium) is an Italian city and ''comune'' and Provincial Capital located in the heart of the Valtellina. , Sondrio counts approximately 21,876 inhabitants (2015) and it is ...

, align="left", Ezio Vanoni , align="left",

, align="left", 62.6% , align="left", , - , align="left", 30 , align="left",

Varese Varese ( , , or ; lmo, label= Varesino, Varés ; la, Baretium; archaic german: Väris) is a city and ''comune'' in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 has reached 80,559. It is the c ...

, align="left", ''None elected'' , align="left", , align="left", , align="left", , - , align="left", 31 , align="left",

Busto Arsizio Busto Arsizio (; lmo, label= Bustocco, Büsti Grandi) is an Italian city and ''comune'' in the south-easternmost part of the Province of Varese, in the region of Lombardy, in Northern Italy, north of Milan. The economy of Busto Arsizio is main ...

, align="left", Natale Santero , align="left",

, align="left", 48.2% , align="left", Mario Grampa (

PSI Psi, PSI or Ψ may refer to: Alphabetic letters * Psi (Greek) (Ψ, ψ), the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet * Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek Arts and entertainment * "Psi" as an abbreviation ...

) 19.1% *Senators with a direct mandate have bold percentages. Please remember that the

electoral system An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and Referendum, referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political ...

was, in the other cases, a form of

and not a FPTP race: so candidates winning with a simple

plurality Plurality may refer to: Voting * Plurality (voting), or relative majority, when a given candidate receives more votes than any other but still fewer than half of the total ** Plurality voting, system in which each voter votes for one candidate and ...

could have (and usually had) a candidate (always a Christian democrat) with more votes in their constituency.

Substitutions

* Mario Grampa for

(19.1%) replaced Rodolfo Morandi in 1955. Reason:

death Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain ...

. * Emanuele Samek Lodovici for Abbiategrasso (46.0%) replaced Ezio Vanoni in 1956. Reason:

. *

for

(46.1%) replaced Carlo Corti in 1957. Reason: resignation. * Clarenzo Menotti for

(21.2%) replaced

in 1957. Reason:

. * Enrico Gazzale for

(6.6%) replaced

in 1958. Reason:

Notes

{{Elections in Lombardy Elections in Lombardy 1953 elections in Italy