Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

, suborder

Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the ot ...

superfamily Fulgoroidea.

Distribution

Species of this family are present throughout the

Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...

Description

Issidae are small insects generally with a stocky body, as the wings mainly develop in width. Basic body coloration is not striking, usually shows brownish colors. The head has two ocelli. The forewings have strong pronounced ribs. They wrap the abdomen when the insect is at rest. The family originally included approximately 1000 species with 215 genera, but the systematics of Issidae remains uncertain, with many of the subfamilies having been recently removed to separate families, including

Caliscelidae Caliscelidae is a family of planthoppers, sap-sucking insects that belong to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha and superfamily Fulgoroidea. They are somewhat anomalous and have often been included within the family Issidae. Studies ...

Nogodinidae Nogodinidae is a family of planthoppers. They have membranous wings with delicate venation and can be confused with members of other Fulgoroid families such as the Issidae and Tropiduchidae Tropiduchidae is a family of planthoppers in the ord ...

, and

Tropiduchidae Tropiduchidae is a family of planthoppers in the order Hemiptera. There are at least 160 genera and 600 described species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of ...

. In 2013, scientists described a biologically unique set of mechanical gears in an '' Issus''

nymph A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ty ...

, though identical structures are known in most planthoppers, and were known for decades before the function of the gears was discovered

Taxonomy

The family Issidae was once large and included many groups which are now treated in other families or as families themselves. These groups include the

, and

(e.g., subfamilies Tonginae and Trienopinae). Around 2003, there was a view in favour of a single subfamily

Issinae Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea. Distribution Species of this family are present throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Descrip ...

, but the current consensus is placement in four (as below). The

Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Info ...

lists genera in five tribes

Issini Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea. Distribution Species of this family are present throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Descrip ...

Parahiraciini The ''Hemisphaeriinae''Melichar L (1906) ''Monographie der Issiden. (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.'' 3: 1-327. are a subfamily of bugs in the family Issidae, based on the type genus '' Hemisphaer ...

, Hemisphaeriini and Thioniini. The tribe Colpopterini have now been placed in family

Melichar, 1898 having been raised to a subfamily. The oldest fossil of the group is '' Cubicostissus'' of the Paleocene

Menat Formation The Menat Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleocene. It is a maar deposit located on top of an ancient volcano, the extent is very localised with the outcropping area being around 600 by 1000 ...

of France, belonging to the tribe Hysteropterini, molecular clock calibrations suggest a diversification during the Upper Cretaceous.

Subfamilies, Tribes and selected Genera

''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' lists four subfamilies:

Hemisphaeriinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906 * Hemisphaeriini Melichar, 1906 ** ''

Gergithus ''Gergithus'' is a genus of planthoppers in the family Issidae. Like all planthoppers, adults feed on plant sap and are capable of escaping by leaping. The genus like other members in the tribe appears somewhat rounded and beetle-like, in some c ...

'' ** '' Hemisphaerius'' * Kodaianellini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016 *

Cheng & Yang, 1991 **†'' Bolbossus'' Gnezdilov & Bourgoin, 2016

Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic amber or succinite. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that these forests created more than 1 ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

(

Priabonian The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between . The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of t ...

) * Sarimini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin, 2016 * Hemisphaeriinae ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

Hysteropterinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906; there are currently 61 genera including: * ''

Agalmatium ''Agalmatium'' is a genus of planthoppers belonging to the family Issidae, subfamily Issinae. Species Species within this genus include: * '' Agalmatium abruptum'' (Bergevin, 1920) * '' Agalmatium bilobum'' (Fieber, 1877) * '' Agalmatium cors ...

'' Emeljanov, 1971 * ''

Falcidius ''Falcidius'' is a genus of planthoppers in the family Issidae. Distribution This genus includes 10 species distributed only in the Mediterranean region: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, Southern Italy (including Sicily), and Southern France ...

'' Stål, 1866 * ''

Hysteropterum ''Hysteropterum'' is a genus of planthoppers described by Amyot & Serville in 1843, belonging to the family Issidae, subfamily Issinae. Distribution Species of this genus occur in Europe and North Africa; the numerous New World The term ...

'' Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 - type genus *†'' Cubicostissus'' Bourgoin & Nel, 2020

, France,

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

(

Selandian The Selandian is a stage in the Paleocene. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Danian and followed by the Thanetian. Sometimes the Paleocene is subdivided in subepochs, in which the Selandian forms the "middle Paleocene". Stratigr ...

)

Issinae

The monotypic subfamily contains tribe Issini Spinola, 1839 and has a widespread distribution in Europe, the Middle East and temperate Asia.Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Issini Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 21 July 2020)
/ref> There are currently four genera: * †'' Issites'' Haupt, 1956 Germany, Eocene (

Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Midd ...

) * '' Issus'' Brullé, 1832 – type genus * '' Latissus'' Dlabola, 1974 * '' Sinonissus'' Wang, Shi & Bourgoin, 2018

Thioniinae

Authority: Melichar, 1906 There are currently 3 tribes: * Cordelini Gnezdilov, 2019 (1 genus) ** '' Cordela'' Gnezdilov, 2019 * Guianaphrynini Gnezdilov, 2018 (1 genus) ** '' Guianaphryna'' Gnezdilov, 2018 * Thioniini Melichar, 1906 (14 genera) ** '' Oronoqua'' Fennah, 1947 ** '' Cheiloceps'' Uhler, 1895 ** ''

Thionia ''Thionia'' is a genus of issid planthoppers in the family Issidae. There are at least 70 described species in ''Thionia''. Species These 76 species belong to the genus ''Thionia'': * '' Thionia acuta'' Doering, 1941 * '' Thionia anguillana'' ...

'' Stal, 1859 ** '' Waorania'' Gnezdilov & Bartlett, 2018

Issidae ''
incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
''

Twenty genera are currently placed here: * '' Abolloptera'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 * '' Argepara'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 * '' Aztecus'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 * '' Balduza'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 * '' Bumaya'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 * '' Carydiopterum'' Gnezdilov, 2017 * '' Delongana'' Caldwell, 1945 * '' Exortus'' Gnezdilov, 2004 * ''

Gilda ''Gilda'' is a 1946 American film noir directed by Charles Vidor and starring Rita Hayworth in her signature role and Glenn Ford. The film is known for cinematographer Rudolph Maté's lush photography, costume designer Jean Louis's wardrobe fo ...

'' Walker, 1870 * '' Incasa'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2008 * '' Kathleenum'' Gnezdilov, 2004 * '' Paralixes'' Caldwell, 1945 * '' Sarnus'' Stål, 1866 * '' Stilbometopius'' Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2006 * '' Traxanellus'' Caldwell, 1945 * '' Traxus'' Metcalf, 1923 * '' Tylanira'' Ball, 1936 * '' Ulixes'' Stål, 1861 * '' Ulixoides'' Haupt, 1918 '' Uphodato'' Szwedo 2019, '' Krundia'' Szwedo 2019 and '' Breukoscelis'' Szwedo 2019 from the

Bembridge Marls The Bouldnor Formation is a geological formation in the Hampshire Basin of southern England. It is the youngest formation of the Solent Group and was deposited during the uppermost Eocene and lower Oligocene. Stratotype and occurrence The Boul ...

, England dating Eocene (Priabonian) were considered members of this family upon description, however, other authors have found assignation to Issidae dubious.

References

* W. E. Holzinger, I. Kammerlander, H. Nickel: The Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe - Die Zikaden Mitteleuropas. Volume 1: Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadellidae. - Brill, Leiden 2003 * Stephen W. Wilson – Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential importance in the Southern United States -Florida Entomologist 88(4)
Fcla.edu

External links

Fauna Europaea

Biolib
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1640053 Auchenorrhyncha families Fulgoromorpha Taxa named by Maximilian Spinola