Ismail as-Sadr ( ar, اسماعيل الصدر) (died 1919–1920) was a Lebanese
Grand Ayatollah
Marji ( ar, مرجع, transliteration: ''marjiʿ''; plural: ''marājiʿ''), literally meaning "source to follow" or "religious reference", is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority giv ...
, a title which is used in Iran and Iraq referring to a
Twelver
Twelver Shīʿīsm ( ar, ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة; '), also known as Imāmīyyah ( ar, إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa Islam, comprising about 85 percent of all Shīʿa Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers t ...
Shi'a
Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam. It holds that the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad designated Ali, ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his S ...
scholar who is a fully qualified
mujtahid
''Ijtihad'' ( ; ar, اجتهاد ', ; lit. physical or mental ''effort'') is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a le ...
who asserts authority over peers and followers by virtue of sufficient study and achievement of the level of necessary competencey needed to obtain permission (''ijāza'') to practice
ijtihad
''Ijtihad'' ( ; ar, اجتهاد ', ; lit. physical or mental ''effort'') is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a le ...
.
Life and Family
Sayyid
''Sayyid'' (, ; ar, سيد ; ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: ; feminine: ; ) is a surname of people descending from the Prophets in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali ...
Ismail as-Sadr is the grandfather of the well-known and respected
Sadr
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (; SADR; also romanized with Saharawi; ar, الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية ' es, República Árabe Saharaui Democrática), also known as Western Sahara, is a p ...
family. He is the first to be known with the last name of as-Sadr after his father
Sadr ad-Din ibn Salih, whose ancestors had been from the
Jabal Amel
Jabal Amil ( ar, جبل عامل, Jabal ʿĀmil), also spelled Jabal Amel and historically known as Jabal Amila, is a cultural and geographic region in Southern Lebanon largely associated with its long-established, predominantly Twelver Shia Musl ...
in
Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus li ...
.
[Sadr - Originally an Arabic honorific; has been used since the 10th century to denote a prominent member of the ulema. The title became hereditary in some Twelver Shii families and is often used as a surname.]
Ismail As-Sadr was born in
Isfahan
Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its Achaemenid empire, ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in Sassanian Empire, middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Regio ...
,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
. He is the youngest of five brothers all of whom became scholars of Shia
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
. He resided in
Najaf
Najaf ( ar, ٱلنَّجَف) or An-Najaf al-Ashraf ( ar, ٱلنَّجَف ٱلْأَشْرَف), also known as Baniqia ( ar, بَانِيقِيَا), is a city in central Iraq about 160 km (100 mi) south of Baghdad. Its estimated popula ...
, Iraq and became the sole
marja until his death in 1338
A.H. (ca. 1919–1920). He was survived by:
*
Muhammad Mahdi as-Sadr
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, di ...
(1879-1939), father of
Mohammad al-Sadr
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr ( ar, '';'' 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, o ...
(killed 1999), grandfather of
Muqtada as-Sadr
*
Sadr ad-Din as-Sadr (1881-1954), father of
Musa as-Sadr
Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr ( ar, موسى صدر الدين الصدر; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was an Iranian-born Lebanese scholar and political leader who founded the Amal Movement.
Born in the Chaharmardan neighborhood o ...
(disappeared/killed 1978) and
Rabab al-Sadr
Rabab al-Sadr Charafeddine (Arabic: رباب صدر; born 4 April 1944) is a Lebanese activist and president of the Imam al-Sadr Foundation. She is the sister of disappeared Shia imam and political leader Musa al-Sadr.
Early life
Rabab al-Sadr ...
*
Haydar as-Sadr (1891-1937), father of
Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr ( ar, آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر; 1 March 1935 – 9 April 1980), also known as al-Shahīd al-Khāmis (the fifth martyr), was an Iraqi philosopher, and the ideological founde ...
and
Amina al-Sadr
Amina Haydar al-Sadr ( ar, آمنة حيدر الصدر), known as Bint al-Huda al-Sadr (), was an Iraqi educator and political activist who was executed by Saddam Hussein along with her brother, Ayatullah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, in 1980 ...
(both killed in 1980)
*a fourth son.
See also
*
List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam
Alive
* Emami, Mohammad (b. 1931)
* Khorasani, Hossein Vahid (b. 1921)
* Hamedani, Hossein Noori (b. 1925)
* Rohani, Sadeq (b. 1926)
* Jannati, Ahmad (b. 1927)
*Mousa Shubairi Zanjani (b. 1927)
*Naser Makarem Shirazi (b. 1927)
* al-Fayy ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ismail As-Sadr
Sadr, Ismail as-
Sadr, Ismail as-
Iranian people of Lebanese descent
Lebanese ayatollahs
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Al-Moussawi family
1919 deaths
Pupils of Muhammad Kadhim Khorasani