Isidore Singer (10 November 1859 – 20 February 1939) was an American encyclopedist and editor of '' The Jewish Encyclopedia'' and founder of the American League for the Rights of Man.

Biography

Singer was born in 1859 in Weisskirchen, Moravia, in the Austrian Empire. He studied at the University of Vienna and the Humboldt University of Berlin, receiving his Ph.D. in 1884.

France

After editing the ''Allgemeine oesterreichische Literaturzeitung'' (Austrian literary newspaper) from 1885 to 1886, he became literary secretary to the French ambassador in Vienna. From 1887, he worked in Paris in the press bureau of the French foreign office and was active in the campaign on behalf of

Alfred Dreyfus Alfred Dreyfus ( , also , ; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most polarizing political dramas in modern French history. ...

. In 1893 he founded a short-lived biweekly called ''La Vraie Parole'' as a foil to the anti-Jewish '' La Libre Parole''.

New York

Singer moved to New York City in 1895 where he learned English and taught French, raising the money for the ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' he had envisioned.Schwartz 1991, p. 20. Over the course of his career, Singer also proposed many projects which never won backing, including a multi-million-dollar loan to aid the Jews of Eastern Europe, a Jewish university open to students of any background, various encyclopedias about secular topics, and a 25-volume publication series of Hebrew classics. By 1911, the date of this latter proposal, "neither the ewishPublication Society nor any body of respectable scholars would work with him," according to encyclopedist Cyrus Adler.Schwartz 1991, pp. 21–22.

Religious views

Singer held extremely liberal views which at times proved unpopular. He endorsed Jesus and the Christian New Testament and proposed a Hebrew translation. He founded the Amos Society to promote understanding among followers of monotheistic religions. His 1897 prospectus for the encyclopedia project called for harmony between religions; called the

Sabbath In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as G ...

and holidays "heavy burdens, or, at best, mere ceremonies" for most Jews; and made the radical suggestion that Jewish parents, if honest with their children, would tell them: Due to the controversy of Singer's outlooks, his publisher,

Funk & Wagnalls Funk & Wagnalls was an American publisher known for its reference works, including ''A Standard Dictionary of the English Language'' (1st ed. 1893–5), and the ''Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia'' (25 volumes, 1st ed. 1912).Funk & Wagnalls N ...

, agreed to the encyclopedia project only after divesting Singer of editorial control and appointing a board of prestigious Jewish scholars, including rabbis. He died in 1939 in New York City.

Publications

*
Russia at the Bar of the American People: A Memoir of Kinship
'. Funk & Wagnalls, 1904. *
The German Classics
' (1913–1914), with Kuno Francke: twenty volumes. *
A Religion of Truth, Justice, and Peace: A Challenge to Church and Synagogue to Lead in the Realization of the Social and Peace Gospel of the Hebrew Prophets
'. Amos Society: 1924.

References

Citations

Sources

* Schwartz, S. R. ''The Emergence of Jewish Scholarship in America: The Publication of the Jewish Encyclopedia.'' '' Monographs of the Hebrew Union College, Number 13. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1991. . * {{DEFAULTSORT:Singer, Isidore 1859 births 1939 deaths American encyclopedists American people of Austrian-Jewish descent American people of Czech-Jewish descent Austrian Jews Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States Jewish American writers Jews and Judaism in New York City People from Hranice (Přerov District) University of Vienna alumni Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Jewish encyclopedists Moravian Jews