Ishaq Beg Munonov, also Isḥāq Beg, (;
Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to:
* Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan
*Kyrgyz people
*Kyrgyz national games
*Kyrgyz language
*Kyrgyz culture
*Kyrgyz cuisine
*Yenisei Kirghiz
*The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China
...
: ىساقبەك مونونوۋ/Isakbek Mononov; ug, ئىسھاق بەگ مۇنونوپ/Ishaq Beg Munonop; russian: Ысакбек Монуев) (1902
or 1903
[-1949) was an ethnic Kyrgyz leader in ]Xinjiang
Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
during the first half of the 20th century.
Early life
Ishaq Beg Munonov was a native of Ulugqat
Ulugqat County (also known as Ulughchat County and Wuqia County; ) is a county in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. It is under the administration of the Kyrgyz autonomous prefecture of Kizilsu. The county has two towns, nine townships and ...
in western Xinjiang.[(Chinese]
"柯尔克孜族将领——伊斯哈克拜克・木农阿吉"
2010-10-27 Shortly after the Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
of 1917, he moved to the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
to study and became a follower of Marxism
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
. After returning to China in 1922, he was imprisoned for espousing revolutionary beliefs and urging the Kyrgyz to rise up against Xinjiang governor Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren (; c. 1883–1941) was a Chinese Xinjiang clique warlord who served as Governor of Xinjiang between 1928 and 1933.
Biography
Jin Shuren was born in Yongjing, Hezhou, Gansu. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and th ...
.[ He later served as a ]regiment
A regiment is a military unit. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, service and/or a specialisation.
In Medieval Europe, the term "regiment" denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted ...
and then a brigade
A brigade is a major tactical military formation that typically comprises three to six battalions plus supporting elements. It is roughly equivalent to an enlarged or reinforced regiment. Two or more brigades may constitute a division.
Br ...
commander in the army of Sheng Shicai
Sheng Shicai (; 3 December 189513 July 1970) was a Chinese warlord who ruled Xinjiang from 1933 to 1944. Sheng's rise to power started with a coup d'état in 1933 when he was appointed the ''duban'' or Military Governor of Xinjiang. His rule o ...
who supplanted Jin Shuren as governor in 1933.[ Some sources say that Ishaq Beg was a spy sent by Soviet intelligence to Xinjiang to support Sheng Shicai.][
Ishaq Beg was a capable commander but aroused the suspicion of Sheng Shicai, who removed his military post and reassigned him to ]Yining
YiningThe official spelling according to (), also known as Ghulja ( ug, غۇلجا) or Qulja ( kk, قۇلجا) and formerly Ningyuan (), is a county-level city in Northwestern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China and the seat of the Ili Kazakh A ...
to serve as the head of the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Cultural Society. In Yining, Ishaq Beg was under government surveillance.
Ili Uprising
In 1943, he secretly returned to southern Xinjiang and organized a militia called the Puli Liberation Organization in Tashkurgan
Tashkurgan ( ug, تاشقورغان بازىرى; zh, s=塔什库尔干镇, p=Tǎshíkù'ěrgān Zhèn; ) is a town in the far northwest of China, close to the country's border with Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. It is the principal tow ...
where he led a rebellion in June 1944.[(Chinese]
Wang Xindeng, 王欣登:抗战时期苏联对新疆的扩张渗透与“三区革命” 2010-01-20
After the outbreak of the Soviet-backed Ili Rebellion
The Ili Rebellion () (Üch Wiläyt inqilawi) was a Uyghur separatist movement backed by the Soviet Union against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1944. After the start of the rebellion, the rebels established the Provision ...
in November 1944, he became a deputy commander-in-chief of the Ili National Army
The East Turkistan National Army, also known as the Ili National Army (), was the army of the East Turkestan Republic (ETR) that originally consisted of six regiments: the Suidun Infantry Regiment, the Ghulja Regiment, the Kensai Regiment, the ...
. The uprising gave rise to the Second East Turkestan Republic
The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northwest Xinjiang (East Turkestan), between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. To differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933 ...
(ETR). Ishaq Beg was a member of the pro-Soviet progressive faction within the ETR.[ Forbes 1986]
234
/ref> He reportedly held both Chinese and Soviet citizenship. In the summer of 1945, he directed the Battle of Jinghe-Wusu.[ Forbes 1986]
188-89
/ref>
In June 1946, the revolutionaries of the ETR, which controlled three of Xinjiang's 10 districts, and the Nationalist Chinese government, which held the other seven districts, reached a peace agreement and formed a coalition government in Xinjiang. Soviet advisors departed the Ili National Army and Ishaq Beg became the commander-in-chief.
In August 1949, as the Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victoriou ...
(CCP) gained the upper hand of the Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on m ...
, the CCP and the Ili leadership began discussing cooperation. The CCP's delegate to Ili, Deng Liqun
Deng Liqun (November 27, 1915 – February 10, 2015) was a Chinese politician and theorist who was one of the leading figures of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the 1980s, most well known for his involvement with the party's propaganda ...
, stayed at the home of Ishaq Beg in Yining. He conveyed Mao Zedong's invitation of the Ili leaders to attend a planning conference for the founding of the People's Republic of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
.
Ishaq Beg Munonov was part of the leadership delegation that left Yining on August 22, 1949 for Beiping.[(Chinese]
新中国和平解放新疆内幕 (1)
2005-10-03 He, along with Ehmetjan Qasim, Abdulkerim Abbas
Abdulkerim Abbas, also Abdul Kerim Abbas, Abdulkerim Abbasoff, 'Abd al-Karīm 'Abbās (1921 – 27 August 1949), was a Uyghur leader in Xinjiang, China during the 20th century. He helped lead the Ili Rebellion of 1944, which led to the foundi ...
, Dalelkhan Sugirbayev
Dalelkhan Sugirbayev, also Dālil Khan, Delilhan, Delilhan Sugurbayoglu or Talilhan Sukurbayeff Forbes 1986203/ref> ( zh, s=达列力汗·苏古尔巴也夫, t=達列力汗·蘇古爾巴也夫, p=Dálièlìhàn·Sūgŭěrbāyěfū; ug, دەلىل ...
and Luo Zhi, was killed in a plane crash near Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Repu ...
on or about August 26, 1949.[
]
Legacy
In the People's Republic of China, Ishaq Beg is remembered as a martyr and hero in the struggle against the Nationalist regime.[ His remains were returned to China in April 1950 and later reburied in a martyrs' memorial cemetery in Yining.][ The cemetery has a stele with calligraphy by ]Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
, praising Ishaq Beg and his fellow martyrs for their contributions to the Chinese people’s revolution and mourning their death en route to the Inaugural Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, zh, 中国人民政治协商会议), also known as the People's PCC (, ) or simply the PCC (), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of ...
in Beijing.[(Chinese]
"三区革命烈士陵园(三区革命历史纪念馆):伊宁市" ''人民网''
2008-10-18
References
Works referenced
*{{cite book , last= Forbes, first= Andrew D. W, year= 1986 , title= Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ , publisher= CUP Archive , isbn= 0521255147 , ref=Forbes
1900s births
1949 deaths
Ethnic Kyrgyz people (individuals)
Political office-holders in Xinjiang
Ili National Army
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union
China–Soviet Union relations