''Iris pamphylica'' is a plant species in the genus ''

Iris Iris most often refers to: *Iris (anatomy), part of the eye *Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess * ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants * Iris (color), an ambiguous color term Iris or IRIS may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional ent ...

''. It is the largest member of the subgenus ''Hermodactyloides'', it is also in the section ''Reticulatae''. It is a

bulbous In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs durin ...

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...

from

Antalya Province Antalya Province ( tr, ) is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Antalya Province is the centre of Turkey's tourism industry, attracting 30% of foreign tourists visi ...

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

, Asia. It has long narrow leaves, shorter stem holding a bi-coloured flower in shades of purple, blue or purple-brown, with a yellow, purple-spotted section on a petal.

Description

It has long and thin bulb, that has fine netted 'tunic',British Iris Society underneath are thick fleshy roots. There are short fine hairs at the base of the bulb as well as a few bulblets, which can grow into adult bulbs. In spring, it has linear, narrow leaves,Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner that look square-like when seen in cross section. When in flower, the leaves are between tall. Later, the leaves extend up to , when in full growth. In the

mesophyll A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, s ...

(between the upper and lower layers of epidermis) of the leaves, hexagonal crystals have been found. It has a stem that is between tall, making it the 2nd tallest ''Hermodactyloide Iris'' after '' Iris tuberosa''. The stem has several green, inflated spathes (leaves of the flower bud). It blooms in late winter-spring, or early spring. The slightly fragrant flowers, are in diameter. They are carried on a stem (unlike other species in the subgenus), and are bi-coloured. They come in shades of purple, blue or purple-brown. Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

), known as the 'standards'. The reflexed elliptic falls are long, purple-brown, in the centre of the petal is a yellow blotch, or yellow, purple-spotted median ridge. The narrowly oblanceolate shaped standards are , long and 0.6 cm wide, they are pale to deep blue, veined darker. It has style branches which are 3.5 cm long, the bract same length as perianth tube at 2 cm long. In 2017, a comparison was carried out on the morphological and anatomical properties of '' Iris masia'' and ''Iris pamphylica'' (another endangered Turkish endemic iris), it was found that the leaves of both taxa have xeromorphic structure.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of

chromosomes A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a count of 2n = 20.

Taxonomy

It was published and described by

Ian Charleson Hedge Ian Charleson Hedge (18 August 1928 – 7 August 2022) was a Scottish botanist at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh. Hedge made important contributions to the flora of Iran and Iraq, and was a recognised authority on the flora of south-wes ...

in 'Notes of the Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh' Vol.23 on page 557 in 1961. It was also recorded in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society No.96 in 1971.Walters, Stuart Max (Editor) It has been named after the old name for the region of Turkey,

Pamphylia Pamphylia (; grc, Παμφυλία, ''Pamphylía'') was a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey). It was bounded on the north b ...

. In Turkish, it is known as ''Akseki navruzu''. ''Iris pamphylica'' is an accepted name by the RHS, and it was verified by

United States Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...

and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.

Distribution and habitat

It is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to temperate Asia.

Range

It is found in

, within the

near

Manavgat Manavgat is a city in the district of the Antalya Province in Turkey, from the city of Antalya. The Manavgat River has a waterfall near the city. The population of the district is 242,490 (2020 census). Geography Between the Taurus Mountains ...

), and

Mount Taurus The Taurus Mountains ( Turkish: ''Toros Dağları'' or ''Toroslar'') are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğird ...

Habitat

It is found in fields, and on the edges of oak forests, and open woodland on

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

soils. It is normally found at above sea level.

Conservation

It was on the 1997

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

of Threatened Plants, and was listed in the 'endangered' category of the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2001). It needs legal protection of habitat and help with propagation, such as

tissue culture Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, su ...

techniques.

Cultivation

It likes to grow in

loamy Loam (in geology and soil science) is soil composed mostly of sand (particle size > ), silt (particle size > ), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < ). By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–sil ...

soils, and is hardy, but not as hardy as other bulbs in the series. It is suitable to grow in rock gardens or in pots.

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.

Culture

In Turkey, it has featured on the 7,500,000 lira coin (as part of the Turkish flowers set, issued in 2002).George S. Cuha (Editor)

References

Other sources

* Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. * Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 177–178.

External links

Pamphylica
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1647652 pamphylica Plants described in 1961 Flora of European Turkey Flora of Southwestern Europe Flora of Europe