''Iris mandshurica'' is a species in the genus ''
Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of ''
Iris'' and in the ''Psammiris'' section. It is a
rhizomatous perennial, it is found in
Russia,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, and
Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple (or maroon) veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in
temperate regions.
Description
It is thought to be similar in form to ''
Iris bloudowii'' and ''
Iris humilis
''Iris humilis'' is a plant species in the genus ''Iris (plant), Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of ''Iris subg. Iris, Iris'' and in the ''Psammiris'' section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, perennial, with a wide distribution range fro ...
'',
having a short rhizome (like ''Iris bloudowii'') and narrow, pointed spathes like ''Iris humilis''.
It has a short, thick rhizome.
[British Iris Society (1997) ] It has branching, thick, fibrous and strong secondary
stolon
In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...
s roots,
[ On top of the rhizome, are the brown, fibrous remains of old leaves.][
It has green, ensiform (sword shaped) or lanceolate basal (growing from the base) leaves.][ They are slightly bent or curved.][ They can grow up to between long and 0.8–1 cm wide, at blooming time.][ They then lengthen,][ and by the time the iris has seed capsules, they are between long and 1.5 cm wide.][ They have 2–4 longitudinal veins.][
It has a smoother stem, that can reach up to between long.][ They are long and 1-1.8 cm wide.][ It also has a small pedicel (flower stalk), between 6 mm to 1 cm long.][
The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,][ blooming early in the season,][
The flowers are in diameter,][ and yellow.]sepals
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...
(outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[ with maroon,][ brown,][ or brown purple veining.][ They are long and 1.5–2 cm wide.][ In the centre of the petal, is a yellow beard.][
The erect standards are long and narrow,][ or oblanceolate,][ they are up to long.][
It has a 2–2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped perianth tube,][ 2 cm long stamens,][ yellow anthers and a 1–1.2 cm long green, spindle-shaped, ovary.][ It has long and flat, style branches that are 3 cm long and 4–5 mm wide, they have a large lobed (or toothed) end.][
After the iris has flowered, between June and August,][ it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped) seed capsule.][ Which is up to long and 1.5 cm wide, and has 6 longitudinal ribs and a long beak appendage (at the top).][ It dehisces (splits open) below the apex.][ The seeds have not been described.
]
Biochemistry
In 1986, a study was carried out on 3 iris species in China, the chromosomes of ''Iris mandshurica'', ''Iris uniflora
''Iris uniflora'' is a species in the genus ''Iris'', it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris''. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Mongolia, China and Korea. It has thin grass-like leaves and stems, and purple, blue-purple or violet flow ...
'' and '' Iris bloudowii'' were counted.
The chromosome count of ''Iris mandshurica'' was 2n=14, which was different to previous counts such as 2n=34 (Simonet 1928,1932) and 2n=20 (Longley 1928).Iris cathayensis
''Iris cathayensis'' is a beardless iris in the genus ''Iris'', in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and in the series '' Tenuifoliae'' of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has grey-green leaves, short stems and violet ...
'' and ''Iris mandshurica'' contain glycosides and isoflavonoid aglycons.
In 2007, a study was carried out on the anatomical structure of the leaves of ''Iris mandshurica''.
In 2009, a genetic study was carried out on ''Iris vorobievii
''Iris vorobievii'' is a plant species in the genus '' Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of '' Iris'' and in the ''Psammiris'' section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia close to the Chinese border. It has long and thin green leaves ...
'', ''Iris mandshurica'' and ''Iris humilis
''Iris humilis'' is a plant species in the genus ''Iris (plant), Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of ''Iris subg. Iris, Iris'' and in the ''Psammiris'' section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, perennial, with a wide distribution range fro ...
''. It confirmed that they were independent species.
In 2011, a study was carried out on the cell growth of ''Iris mandshurica''.
In 2013, a molecular phylogenetic (genetic evolution) study was carried out on 16 species of Iris found in Korea. It placed ''Iris mandshurica'' in a clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
with other basal irises, including ''Iris dichotoma
Iris dichotoma (also known as Vesper iris) is a species in the genus ''Iris'' and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as ''Pardanthopsis dichotoma'' as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in i ...
'' and '' Iris tectorum''.diploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[
It has been counted several times; 2n=20 (Longley 1928).][ 2n=34 (Probatova 1988), 2n=14 (Zakharjeva 1990), 2n=14 (Starodubtsev & Mironova 1990) and 2n=28 (Sha et al., 1995).][
It is normally published as 2n=34,][ or 2n=14.][
]
Taxonomy
It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (mandshurica) man-SHEU-ree-ka.[
It is written as 长白鸢尾 in Chinese script,][ and known as ''chang bai yuan wei'' in Pinyin in China.]specific epithet
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
''mandshurica'' refers to Manchuria, coming from the Chinese region.
It was first published and described by Karl Maximovich in Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Volume 26 on page 530 in 1880.[
It was also published in ''Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg'' Vol.10 on page 724 in 1880.][
Specimens used for the description were collected from China.][
It was thought to be within the ''Pseudoregelia section'' in Waddick & Zhao, Iris of China, in 1992,][ but most sources place it within the ''Psammiris section''.
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the ]Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with ext ...
on 4 April 2003, it was updated on 5 April 2013.[
''Iris mandshurica'' is an accepted name by the RHS.]
Distribution and habitat
''Iris mandshurica'' is native to temperate areas of Asia.[
]
Range
It is found in the Russian Federation,[ in the state of Primorye,][ beside the Ussuri River.][
It is also found in China,][ (or Manchuria,][) in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and ]Liaoning
Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost ...
.[
It is also though to be found in Korea,][ and Mongolia.][
]
Habitat
It grows on sunny dry slopes,[ on steppes,][ in open woodlands,][ (of oak,][) in shrubberies,][ and on woodland edges.][
They can be found at an altitude of above sea level.][
]
Conservation
It is considered as an 'endangered' species in Russia,[ and listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation.][
It is protected in a reserve of 'Senkina Shapka Hill, in Oktyabrsky District,][ beside the Tsukanovki river.][
It has been endangered due to the economic developments in the territory.][
]
Cultivation
It is hardy
Hardy may refer to:
People
* Hardy (surname)
* Hardy (given name)
* Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica
* Mount Hardy, Enderby Land
* Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island
* Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands
Australia
* Hardy, Sout ...
to between USDA Zone 5 and Zone 11,[ or between Zone 3 to 10.][
It prefers dry winters.][
It prefers to grow in well drained,][ or soils with ]loam
Loam (in geology and soil science) is soil composed mostly of sand (particle size > ), silt (particle size > ), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < ). By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–sil ...
.[
It can tolerate strongly acidic or mildly acidic soils (PH levels between 5.1 and 6.5).][
It can tolerate positions in full sun to partial shade.][
It has average to high water needs during the growing season.][
It was tested (for hardiness) in the botanical gardens of Alma Ata in Moscow (TAA) and ]Tomsk
Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population:
Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
.[
It has been also grown in the botanical garden of Vladivostok.][
It can grow in rockeries or rock gardens.][
]
Propagation
It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.[
Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets)
Seed Collecting: Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds][
In 2006, a study was carried out on the pollen viability of ''Iris mandshurica''. It was found that time is a significant factor as well as climate.]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[
]
References
Sources
* Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). (as 'I. humilis Georgi').
* Dykes, W. R. 1913. Gen. Iris 140.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 40. mandshurica"
* Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
* Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
* Liu Ying, 1936. Chinese Journal of Botany Vol.3. Issue2 page949.
* Kitagawa, 1939. Lineam Fl Mansb 148.
External links
Has an image of ''Iris mandshurica'' flowerHas 3 images of ''Iris mandshurica'' in flower as well as many other chinese irises
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q15227584
mandshurica
Flora of China
Flora of Korea
Flora of Manchuria
Flora of the Russian Far East
Garden plants of Asia
Plants described in 1880