The identity of the plant first described by
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
as ''Iris florentina'' remains unclear, . In
horticulture
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
, it has been treated as a white-flowered variant of
''Iris'' × ''germanica'', under names such as ''Iris germanica'' nothovar. ''florentina'', ''Iris'' × ''germanica'' var. ''florentina'' and ''Iris'' × ''germanica'' 'Florentina'. ''Iris florentina'' has also been treated as the correct name for the true species also known as ''Iris albicans''
Lange.
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...
regions almost worldwide and is a
rhizomatous
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow ho ...
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...
from southern
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
, mainly
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
(including the city of
Florence
Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
) and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. It has a thick violet-scented rhizome, sword-like green or grey-green semi-evergreen leaves, a tall branched stem, and many flowers that are white and tinged or flushed with blue, pale blue, or lavender in spring or summer, and a white and yellow beard. It is also grown to produce
orris-root, a scented substance used in perfumes, soaps, tooth cleanser, and clothes washing powder. Medicinally it was used as an expectorant and decongestant. It is made from the rhizomes of ''Iris florentina'', ''
Iris germanica
Iris most often refers to:
*Iris (anatomy), part of the eye
*Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess
* ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants
* Iris (color), an ambiguous color term
Iris or IRIS may also refer to:
Arts and media
Fictional ent ...
'' and ''
Iris pallida
''Iris pallida'', the Dalmatian iris or sweet iris, is a hardy flowering perennial plant of the genus '' Iris'', family Iridaceae. It is native to the Dalmatian coast (Croatia) but widely naturalised elsewhere. It is a member of the subgenus '' I ...
''. The flower is commonly attributed with the
fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol.
The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...
.
Description
''Iris florentina'' has a thick or stout rhizome, which is short, fleshy, horizontal, and has a strong violet scent.
[Ruth D. Wrensch ][Christopher Brickell (Editor)]
The rhizomes spread across the surface of the soil,
to form clumps of plants.
This habit can often create a dense network of fibrous roots that can crowd out other plants.[Neil Fletcher ]
It has basal (rising up from the rhizome),[John Lust ] ensiform (sword-shaped),[John Sims ][Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edinburgh ][Stefan Buczacki ] light green, pale green,[ or grey-green leaves.]
They are semi-evergreen,[ or evergreen (in mild winters).][Walter Stager ]
The leaves can grow up to between long,[ and between wide.][Richard Lynch and Henry Ewbank ][ They are shorter than the stem.][
It has a straight,] stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between tall. [William Robinson ] It may reach up to after about 3 years.[ Although it may reach , (in ideal conditions).]
The stems have 2 – 4 branches. The branches reduce in size as you go up the stem,[ starting from the middle.][ The branches can be long, when compared to '']Iris albicans
''Iris albicans'', also known as the cemetery iris, white cemetery iris, or the white flag iris, is a species of iris which was planted on graves in Muslim regions and grows in many countries throughout the Middle East and northern Africa. It was ...
'' (another white flowered iris sometimes called Iris florentina subsp. albicans (Lange) K.Richt.),
The stem has 1–2, (scarious) membranous or sub-scarious, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[British Iris Society (1997) ] At flowering time, the spathes become brown and papery,[James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) ] or fully scarious.[ They can be up to long.][ 1.5-2 in long
The lower spathes are green and leaf-like.][
It has a short ]pedicel
Pedicle or pedicel may refer to:
Human anatomy
*Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures
...
(or flower stalk), and green perianth tube, that is 3.2 cm long,[ it is covered normally by the spathes.][
The stem (and the many branches) hold between 4 and 7 flowers.][ at terminal ends.] Sometimes in pairs.[ The fragrant flowers,][ smell of violets,][ appear in spring,][ or early summer,][ or mid-summer,][ between late April and May,][ or between March and May.]
The large flowers,[ are up to in diameter (or across).][ They come in white,][Thomas Gaskell Tuti (Editor)] (sometimes described as 'dead white,[) or greyish white,][ or bluish white,][ or very pale lavender.][ They are slightly tinged, or flushed with blue,][ or pale blue,][ or lavender.][ They are especially tinted when in bud.][
The flowers are often confused with ''Iris albicans'' (which also has white flowers).][
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or ]tepals
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
), known as the 'standards'.[ The deflexed,][ or drooping falls,][ are obovate,][ or cuneate (wedge) shaped.][ They are long and wide.][ There is some greenish-yellow veining on the haft, (section of the petal near the stem),][ and in the centre of the falls,][ there is a narrow fillet of white cilias (called a beard) with deep yellow tips,][ bright yellow,][ or orange yellow.][ The standards are erect,][ oboval,][ and narrower than the falls.][ The hafts of the standards, have a small white beard.][
It has style branches,][ that are toothed and 3.8 cm long, with a deltoid crests.][
It has an oblong shaped and pearl coloured stigma.][
After the iris has flowered, between July and August,][ it produces a fusiform (spindle shaped),][ trigonal, or oblong seed capsule.][
It is longer than the seed capsule of ''Iris germanica''.][ The capsule is loculicidal (has chambers),][ with 3 cells,][ that hold dark brown,][ or brown seeds.][ The seeds are normally lined up like rolls of coins.][
]
Biochemistry
In 1973, a chemical study was carried out on Iris florentina, it found isoflavone Isoflavones are substituted derivatives of isoflavone, a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones are produced almost exclusively by the members of the bean family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae) ...
glycosides.
In 2013, a study listed all the naturally occurring xanthones
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula O 6H4sub>2CO. It is a white solid.
In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also ...
. It mentioned that Arisawa and Morita have isolated tetraoxygenated xanthone glycoside 2-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5-methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone from ''Iris florentina''.
In 2014, a study was carried out on the essential oil of ''Iris florentina''. It found several compounds including decanoic acid
Capric acid, also known as decanoic acid or decylic acid, is a saturated fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), and carboxylic acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called caprates or decanoates. The te ...
, ethanon, α-iron, trans-2,6-γ-iron, lauric acid
Lauric acid, systematically dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium-chain fatty acids. It is a bright white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap. The salts and ...
, myristic acid
Myristic acid (IUPAC name: tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12COOH. Its salts and esters are commonly referred to as myristates or tetradecanoates. It is named after the binomial name for nut ...
, palmitic acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain. It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.Gunstone, F. D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra. The L ...
, 9,12 oktadecadienoic acid and hexanedioic acid bis ester.
In 2015, a study was carried out on the antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of the iris.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...
, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[
It has a count of 2n=44, meaning it is a ]tetraploid
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains ...
.[
]
Taxonomy
It has the common names of 'Florentine Iris',[ 'Florentine Flag' (in the US),][ 'Glaive lily',][ 'White German Iris',][ and 'White Flower De Luce',][
It is sometimes known as ''orris root'', which also comes from the rhizomes of ''Iris germanica'' and ''Iris pallida''.][
The French call it commonly as 'la flambe blanche' (the white torch of the garden).][ ][Jennifer Helvey]
It is known in Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
as 'Fjurduliz abjad',[ in Danish as 'violrod', in France as 'Iris de florence', in German as 'florentinsche schwertlilie', in Spanish (and Portuguese) as 'lirio blanco' or 'lirio de Florencia'.
The Latin specific epithet ''florentina'' refers to a 'Latinised' word meaning ‘from Florence’.][
It was first collected Italy, and then introduced to N. Europe in about 1500.]
It has been cultivated for centuries in Europe.[
It was first published and described by ]Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
, in Systema Naturae
' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...
Edition 10, Issue2 on page863 on 7 June 1759, as ''Iris florentina''. It was thought to be similar to ''Iris germanica'', but with white flowers.[
In 1796, ''Iris officinalis'' Salisb. was published by Salisb in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton Vol.43. But this was later classed as ''Iris florentina''.
In 1910, ]William Rickatson Dykes
William Rickatson Dykes (4 November 1877 – 1 December 1925) was an English amateur botanist who became an expert in the field of iris breeding and wrote several influential books on the subject. He was also interested in tulips, amaryllis, ...
in The Gardeners' Chronicle
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine '' Horticulture Week''.
History
Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Jose ...
of September 17, 1910,[ felt that ''Iris florentina'' was not a wild species but had hybrid origin,][ or form of ''Iris germanica''.][
In his book, 'The Iris' in 1981, ]Brian Mathew
Brian Frederick Mathew MBE, VMH is a British botanist, born in the village of Limpsfield, Surrey, England. His particular area of expertise is bulbous plants, particularly ornamental bulbous plants, although he has contributed to other fiel ...
, re-classified the iris as ''Iris germanica'' 'Florentina'.[
This later became ''Iris germanica'' nothovar. ''florentina''.
It was verified by ]United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the United States federal executive departments, federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, ...
and the Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with ext ...
on 19 October 1994, then updated on 12 September 2005, as ''Iris germanica'' L. nothovar. ''florentina'' Dykes.[
It is listed in the ]Encyclopedia of Life
The ''Encyclopedia of Life'' (''EOL'') is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It is compiled from existing trusted databases curated by experts and with the assistance of ...
as ''Iris germanica var. florentina''.
''Iris florentina'' is an accepted name by the RHS,[ it was given the Award of Garden Merit in 1994.][
]
Distribution and habitat
It is native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and entert ...
to central,[ and southern Europe.][
]
Range
It is found in Italy, (including Tuscany
Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze'').
Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
,[) France,][ and the Mediterranean islands,][ (including ]Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
).[
Botanist ]Desfontaines Desfontaines is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* François-Georges Fouques Deshayes (known as Desfontaines-Lavallée or Desfontaines, 1733-1825), French writer and playwright.
* Henri Desfontaines (1876-1931), French film dire ...
found it in Algiers
Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...
, where it is grown with ''Iris germanica'' near graves.[
It has been naturalised in many other countries, from the Mediterranean,][ (including west Africa and southern ]Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
,[) to ]India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
,[ and ]Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
.[ In Russia, it grows in the south of western ]Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
. Outside of Russia, it is found in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
, Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
and China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
.[
In many regions of the world, especially in Italy, it is cultivated for commercial use.][
]
Habitat
It grows on sunny mountain slopes,[ on ]steppes
In physical geography, a steppe () is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.
Steppe biomes may include:
* the montane grasslands and shrublands biome
* the temperate grassland ...
, sandy or rocky dry slopes.[
It naturalises along roadsides, field margins, olive groves, abandoned vineyards and other cultivated sites.][
]
Conservation
All the stations in the other countries where it has become naturalized for centuries, it is gone, or they are declining.[
Not protected by law and not listed in the flora section of the National Red Data book (1989)][
]
Cultivation
It is hardy,[ to between ]USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
Zone 3 and Zone 9,[ or between 5 and 8.][
It is also hardy to Zone H2 (in Europe),][ between −15 to-20oC (5 to −4oF). It has been tested for hardiness in Russia, in the botanical gardens of; ]Barnaul
Barnaul ( rus, Барнау́л, p=bərnɐˈul) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob Rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 Census, its population was ...
, Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the Russian Census ...
, St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
and Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital city, capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya River (Kama), Belaya and Ufa River, Ufa rivers, in the centre-n ...
.[ In the winter, it requires protection from moisture (in Russia).][
It can be cultivated well throughout Europe and N America, except in the warm moist climates of Florida and Gulf Coast.][
It prefers to grow in moist, well drained soils,][ in loam.][ It can tolerate sandy soils,][ or any common garden soil.][
It also tolerates most soil pH levels of, and will tolerate very alkali or acid soils.][
It prefers a situation in full sun,][ to light shade.][
It will suffer from rhizome viruses in waterlogged soil.][
It can be grown in mixed flower borders,][ rock gardens,][ and beside the edges of shrubberies.][ As well as being naturalized in the garden.
It can be a cut flower for displays.][
It is deer and rabbit resistant,][ but can suffer from ]leaf spot
A leaf spot is a limited, discoloured, diseased area of a leaf that is caused by fungal, bacterial or viral plant diseases, or by injuries from nematodes, insects, environmental factors, toxicity or herbicides. These discoloured spots or lesions ...
,[ ]Iris borer
Iris most often refers to:
*Iris (anatomy), part of the eye
* Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess
* ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants
*Iris (color), an ambiguous color term
Iris or IRIS may also refer to:
Arts and media
Fictional ent ...
,[ ]thrips
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are ...
,[ slug and snails.][
]Aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
s '' Aphis newtoni'' and '' Dysaphis tulipae'' can also be found on the plant.
The irises are planted shallow, leaving the tops of the rhizomes exposed,[ to the sun. They are not mulched, as this could cause rotting to the rhizomes.][ They can be fertilized in early spring, and again in late summer,][ with a general fertilizer or ]bone meal
Bone meal is a mixture of finely and coarsely ground animal bones and slaughter-house waste products. It is used as a dietary supplement to supply calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) to monogastric livestock in the form of hydroxiapathite. As a slo ...
.[
The foliage can be cut back in the autumn, after the flowers have faded.][
]
Propagation
''Iris florentina'' can only be propagated by division
Division or divider may refer to:
Mathematics
*Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication
*Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division
Military
*Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...
,[ of the rhizomes,][ after flowering,][ up to six weeks after flowering,][ and in the autumn.][
They should be divided every 3 to 4 years,][ when large clumps.][
The old woody-like centre, should be removed,][ along with any damaged sections.][ The rhizomes are then left exposed, to allow the cuts to ]callus
A callus is an area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on the feet and hands, but they may o ...
, then the foliage is trimmed,[ (to reduce water loss). Then the new rhizome sections can be re-planted, in new situations and at a shallow depth.][
]
Hybrids and cultivars
It has a few cultivars including; 'Alba',[ 'Blue Zua',][ 'Bluzugraf',][ 'Elizabeth Huntington',][ 'Elsie Crouch Diltz',][ 'Firmament',][ 'Florentina purpurea',][ 'Gambetta',][ 'Janet Barnes',][ 'New Orleans' (which has light grey flowers),][ 'Queen Emma',][ 'Silver King',][ and 'Zua'.][
There are a few crosses: 'Altar Candles', 'Tan Crown', 'Vendor'.][
]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves) and, if ingested, can cause stomach pains and vomiting.[ Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.
It was noted by G.R Winter (in 1948, J Periodont 19:108) that allergic manifestations can be caused by the use of a dentifrice (teeth cleaner) containing orris root powder.
]
Uses
The violet scented rhizome has many uses including, a perfume,[ for mixing with hair powder,][ powder used for washing clothes, hair, and teeth,][ used as a fresh scent for linen, a base for dry shampoos, base for tooth powders, in face-packs, as a fixative in pot-pourri.][
It was used medicinally as an ]expectorant
Mucoactive agents are a class of chemical agents that aid in the clearance of mucus or sputum from the upper and lower airways, including the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. Mucoactive drugs include expectorants, mucolytics, mucoregulators, and muco ...
(clearance of mucus from the airways) and decongestant
A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient in most decongestants is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine (the latter ...
.[ It was also formerly used for treating wounds and chest infections.][ It was also administered for the cure of ]