''Ipomopsis aggregata'' is a species of biennial

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

in the

phlox ''Phlox'' (; Greek φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Greek φλόγες ''phlóges'') is a genus of 67 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in di ...

family (

Polemoniaceae The Polemoniaceae (Jacob's-ladder or phlox family) are a family of flowering plants consisting of about 25 genera with 270–400 species of annuals and perennials native to the Northern Hemisphere and South America, with the center of diversity ...

), commonly known as scarlet trumpet, scarlet gilia, or skyrocket because of its scarlet red flowers with lobes curving back as if blown back by rocketing through the air.Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, Karen Wiese, 2nd ed., 2013, p. 107

Description

''Ipomopsis aggregata'' has characteristic red, trumpet-shaped

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s and basal leaves stemming from a single erect

stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushro ...

. Depending on elevation, height can range from 12 inches, in Rocky Mountain alpine areas, to over 5 feet, in areas of southern Texas. Trumpet flowers can range from white, red, orange-red, and pink. Pink flowers are especially common in high mesa areas of Colorado, such as the Flat Tops, Grand Mesa, or the Uncompahgre Plateau. Yellow flowers have been reported for plant but are extremely rare. Fernlike leaves are low to the ground, helping encourage warmth in colder areas, and have silver specks and a fine white pubescence. A well known delicacy in nature, ''Ipomopsis aggregata'' is well adapted to herbivory, as it can regrow multiple flowering stalks once lost. Although herbivory initially reduces seed and fruit count of the plant, intermediate herbivory and its stimulating factors could lead to the plant growing larger over time. Elk and mule deer are common herbivores on ''Ipomopsis aggregata''. In its first year, the plant appears as a cluster of distinctive leaves, which collect energy into the

taproot A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproo ...

, from which it rapidly grows in its second year. Ipomopsis aggregata iNat-128454009

Synonyms

Synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

include: * ''Cantua aggregata''

Pursh The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...

* ''Gilia aggregata'' (

)

Spreng. Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (3 August 1766 – 15 March 1833) was a German botanist and physician who published an influential multivolume history of medicine, ''Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde'' (1792–99 in four vo ...

Chemistry

Patuletin Patuletin is an O-methylated flavonol. It can be found in the genus ''Eriocaulon''. Glycosides Patuletin glycosides can be found in ''Ipomopsis aggregata ''Ipomopsis aggregata'' is a species of biennial flowering plant in the phlox family (P ...

glycosides can be found in ''I. aggregata'' as well as

eupalitin Eupalitin is an O-methylated flavonol. It can be found in ''Ipomopsis aggregata''. Glycosides Eupalitin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside can be isolated from '' Tephrosia spinosa''.Eupalitin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside from Tephrosia spinosa. Vanangam ...

and

eupatolitin Eupatolitin is a chemical compound. It is an ''O''-methylated flavonol, a type of flavonoid. Eupatolitin can be found in '' Brickellia veronicaefolia'' and in '' Ipomopsis aggregata''. Glycoside Eupatolin is a eupatolitin glycoside containing ...

.Identification of eupalitin, eupatolitin and patuletin glycosides in Ipomopsis aggregata. D.M. Smith, C.W. Glennie and J.B. Harborne, Phytochemistry, December 1971, Volume 10, Issue 12, pages 3115–3120

Taxonomy

Since its discovery in 1814 by Frederick Pursch, the plant has undergone many name modifications. The current scientific name of "''Ipomopsis''", Latin for "similar to ''

Ipomoea ''Ipomoea'' () is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large and diverse group, with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or water spinach, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflo ...

''" or morning glories, refers to its similarities between the morning glories' similar red tubular flowers. "Aggregata", "brought together" in Latin refers to its petal growing pattern. Common names include scarlet gilia, scarlet trumpet, and skyrocket. The potent smell from glands within its basal leaf formations grant it the name skunk flower. In some areas it is also called honeysuckle, owing to the shape of the flower and the droplet of nectar that can be enjoyed by picking off the flower and sucking it out of the basal end. The common name of Gilia (once a component of its scientific name) is pronounced "Jee-lee-uh", an Italian pronunciation, after its original namesake, Italian scientist and clergyman Filippo Luigi Gilii.

Distribution

''Ipomopsis aggregata'' is native to western

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, growing mainly in mountains in the west-central to western regions and ranging from

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

. Hitchcock, C.L. and Cronquist, A. 2018. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition, p. 386. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Ecology

''Ipomopsis aggregata'' is pollinated most commonly by long-tongued moths and hummingbirds, although others can be seen. Basal leaves overwinter, even in subalpine areas of the Rocky Mountains. The plant blooms in late spring to early summer, and into fall if weather conditions are favorable. Optimal growing conditions include little water, part shade, and sandy soil. Although defined as hermaphroditic, ''Ipomopsis aggregata'' has shown sex allocation in flowering months, with phenotypic sex reaching a proportion of 0.77 female components to male.

Current research

The plant is currently being used to better understand pollination factors. Researchers used fluorescent particles on flowers to create pollen analogs to track pollinating hummingbirds. This ultimately gains insight into cross pollination techniques carried out by pollinating bodies. Further, it is a model for pollinator-mediated selection and spatial genetic patterns.

Uses

Some

Plateau Indian Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia ...

tribes boiled it as a drink for kidney health.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
* ttp://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Pink%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/ipomopsis%20aggregata.htm Ipomopsis aggregata Wildflower Identification Page, Photosbr>
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1754205 Ipomopsis, aggregata Flora of North America