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In
economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...
, an inverse demand function is the
inverse function In mathematics, the inverse function of a function (also called the inverse of ) is a function that undoes the operation of . The inverse of exists if and only if is bijective, and if it exists, is denoted by f^ . For a function f\colon X ...
of a
demand function In economics, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the ''y''-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the ''x''-axis). Demand curves can be used either for ...
. The inverse demand function views price as a function of quantity. Quantity demanded, ''Q'', is a function f (the demand function) of price; the inverse demand function treats price as a function of quantity demanded, and is also called the price function: :P = f^(Q). The inverse demand function is the form of the demand function that appears in the famous Marshallian Scissors diagram. The function appears in this form because economists place the independent variable on the y-axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis.


Definition

In mathematical terms, if the
demand function In economics, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the ''y''-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the ''x''-axis). Demand curves can be used either for ...
is Q = f(P), then the inverse demand function is P = f−1(Q). The value P in the inverse demand function is the highest price that could be charged and still generate the quantity demanded Q. This is useful because economists typically place price (P) on the vertical axis and quantity (Q) on the horizontal axis in supply-and-demand diagrams, so it is the inverse demand function that depicts the graphed demand curve in the way the reader expects to see. The inverse demand function is the same as the average revenue function, since P = AR. To compute the inverse demand function, simply solve for P from the demand function. For example, if the demand function has the form Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand function would be P = 120 - .5Q. Note that although price is the dependent variable in the inverse demand function, it is still the case that the equation represents how the price determines the quantity demanded, not the reverse.


Relation to marginal revenue

There is a close relationship between any inverse demand function for a linear demand equation and the marginal revenue function. For any linear demand function with an inverse demand equation of the form P = a - bQ, the marginal revenue function has the form MR = a - 2bQ. The inverse linear demand function and the marginal revenue function derived from it have the following characteristics: *Both functions are linear. *The marginal revenue function and inverse demand function have the same y intercept. *The x intercept of the marginal revenue function is one-half the x intercept of the inverse demand function. * The marginal revenue function has twice the slope of the inverse demand function. * The marginal revenue function is below the inverse demand function at every positive quantity. The inverse demand function can be used to derive the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function or MR = 120 - Q. Note that in this linear example the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function, the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example, assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q2. then MC = 60 + 2Q.Perloff, Microeconomics, Theory & Applications with Calculus (Pearson 2008) 240. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit-maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.


See also

* Supply and demand *
Demand In economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item ...
*
Law of demand In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), ...
* Profit (economics)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inverse Demand Function Mathematical finance Demand