Innokenty Annensky

Innokenty Fyodorovich Annensky ( rus, Инноке́нтий Фёдорович А́нненский, p=ɪnɐˈkʲenʲtʲɪj ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ ˈanʲɪnskʲɪj, a=Innokyentiy Fyodorovich Annyenskiy.ru.vorb.oga; (1 September O.S. 20 August">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 20 August1855, Omsk – 13 December O.S. 30 November">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 30 November1909, Saint Petersburg) was a poet, critic, scholar, and translator, representative of the first wave of Russian Symbolism, although he was not well known for his poetry until after his death. In fact, Annensky never wrote professionally; he made little to no income from writing. Instead, he spent his career in academia as a full-time professor and administrator, translator of classic Greek works, and writer of essays and reviews. Despite this, Annensky is considered to be one of the most significant Russian poets from the early 20th century. Critics have cited Annensky's connection to French Symbolism and to the French poet Stéphane Mallarmé for their shared use of "associative symbolism." Annensky was considered to be an under-recognized or neglected poet, but he later gained recognition, particularly in the West, because a number of later Russian poets, such as Mandelstam, Akhmatova, Pasternak, and Mayakovsky, were inspired and influenced by his work.

Biography

Annensky was born into the family of a public official in Omsk on 1 September O.S. 20 August">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 20 August1855. In 1860, while still a child, he was taken to Saint Petersburg. Annensky lost his parents early on, and was raised in the family of his older brother, Nikolai Annensky, a prominent Narodnik and political activist.

In 1879, Annensky graduated from the philological department of St. Petersburg University, where he concentrated on Historical-comparative linguistics. He became a teacher, and taught classical languages and ancient literature studies in a gymnasium in Tsarskoe Selo. He served as the Director of this school from 1886 until his death in 1909. Nikolai Gumilev graduated from this school and called Annensky "the last of Tsarskoe Selo's swans."

Annensky was somewhat reluctant to publish his original poems and first gained fame with his translations of Euripides and the French Symbolists. From 1890 until his death in 1909, he translated all the works of Euripides from Ancient Greek . At the beginning of the 1900s, Annensky wrote a series of tragedies modelled after those of ancient Greece: ''Melanippe the Wise'' (1901), ''King Ixion'' (1902), ''Laodamia'' (1906), and ''Thamyris the Citharode'' (1913).

As a literary critic, Annensky published ''Book of Reflections'' and ''Second Book of Reflections'' on Russian and European novelists, poets, and playwrights. His essays were sometimes termed "critical prose" because of the artistic value of these texts. During his last months, Annensky worked as an editor of Sergei Makovsky's journal ''Apollon'', in which he published some essays on poetry theory. Nikolai Gumilev valued these theoretical works very highly and considered Annensky to be the first true acmeist.

In literary history, Annensky is remembered primarily as a poet. He started writing poetry in the 1870s but did not publish it. He decided not to publish any works until he was 35, advice that was given by his older brother Nikolai. His first collection of poems, entitled ''Quiet Songs,'' was published in 1904 under the pseudonym ''Nik. T.-o'' (i.e., Никто, "No one" in Russian). Because Annensky was a director of a public school at the time, publishing this avant garde work under his real name would have been controversial. The book gained moderate praise from leading Symbolists, some of whom didn't suspect that Annensky was the author. Annensky's second book, ''Тhe Cypress Chest'' (1910), is his best known collection of poetry. Many of his unpublished pieces were later edited and released posthumously in the 1920s by his son, Valentin Krivich.

On 13 December O.S. 30 November">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 30 November1909, while heading to a meeting to discuss an unpublished essay about Euripides at the Society of Classical Philology, Annensky died from a heart attack