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The finest locally convex
topological vector space In mathematics, a topological vector space (also called a linear topological space and commonly abbreviated TVS or t.v.s.) is one of the basic structures investigated in functional analysis. A topological vector space is a vector space that is als ...
(TVS) topology on X \otimes Y, the tensor product of two locally convex TVSs, making the canonical map \cdot \otimes \cdot : X \times Y \to X \otimes Y (defined by sending (x, y) \in X \times Y to x \otimes y) continuous is called the inductive topology or the \iota-topology. When X \otimes Y is endowed with this topology then it is denoted by X \otimes_ Y and called the inductive tensor product of X and Y.


Preliminaries

Throughout let X, Y, and Z be
locally convex topological vector space In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, locally convex topological vector spaces (LCTVS) or locally convex spaces are examples of topological vector spaces (TVS) that generalize normed spaces. They can be defined as topological vec ...
s and L : X \to Y be a linear map. * L : X \to Y is a
topological homomorphism In functional analysis, a topological homomorphism or simply homomorphism (if no confusion will arise) is the analog of homomorphisms for the category of topological vector spaces (TVSs). This concept is of considerable importance in functional ana ...
or homomorphism, if it is linear, continuous, and L : X \to \operatorname L is an
open map In mathematics, more specifically in topology, an open map is a function between two topological spaces that maps open sets to open sets. That is, a function f : X \to Y is open if for any open set U in X, the image f(U) is open in Y. Likewise, a ...
, where \operatorname L, the image of L, has the subspace topology induced by Y. ** If S \subseteq X is a subspace of X then both the quotient map X \to X / S and the canonical injection S \to X are homomorphisms. In particular, any linear map L : X \to Y can be canonically decomposed as follows: X \to X / \operatorname L \overset \operatorname L \to Y where L_0(x + \ker L) := L(x) defines a bijection. * The set of
continuous linear map In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a continuous linear operator or continuous linear mapping is a Continuous function (topology), continuous linear transformation between topological vector spaces. An operator between two norm ...
s X \to Z (resp. continuous
bilinear map In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example. Definition Vector spaces Let V, W ...
s X \times Y \to Z) will be denoted by L(X; Z) (resp. B(X, Y; Z)) where if Z is the scalar field then we may instead write L(X) (resp. B(X, Y)). * We will denote the
continuous dual space In mathematics, any vector space ''V'' has a corresponding dual vector space (or just dual space for short) consisting of all linear forms on ''V'', together with the vector space structure of pointwise addition and scalar multiplication by cons ...
of X by X^ and the algebraic dual space (which is the vector space of all linear functionals on X, whether continuous or not) by X^. ** To increase the clarity of the exposition, we use the common convention of writing elements of X^ with a prime following the symbol (e.g. x^ denotes an element of X^ and not, say, a derivative and the variables x and x^ need not be related in any way). * A linear map L : H \to H from a Hilbert space into itself is called positive if \langle L(x), X \rangle \geq 0 for every x \in H. In this case, there is a unique positive map r : H \to H, called the square-root of L, such that L = r \circ r. ** If L : H_1 \to H_2 is any continuous linear map between Hilbert spaces, then L^* \circ L is always positive. Now let R : H \to H denote its positive square-root, which is called the absolute value of L. Define U : H_1 \to H_2 first on \operatorname R by setting U(x) = L(x) for x = R \left(x_1\right) \in \operatorname R and extending U continuously to \overline, and then define U on \operatorname R by setting U(x) = 0 for x \in \operatorname R and extend this map linearly to all of H_1. The map U\big\vert_ : \operatorname R \to \operatorname L is a surjective isometry and L = U \circ R. * A linear map \Lambda : X \to Y is called compact or completely continuous if there is a neighborhood U of the origin in X such that \Lambda(U) is precompact in Y. ** In a Hilbert space, positive compact linear operators, say L : H \to H have a simple spectral decomposition discovered at the beginning of the 20th century by Fredholm and F. Riesz: ::There is a sequence of positive numbers, decreasing and either finite or else converging to 0, r_1 > r_2 > \cdots > r_k > \cdots and a sequence of nonzero finite dimensional subspaces V_i of H (i = 1, 2, \ldots) with the following properties: (1) the subspaces V_i are pairwise orthogonal; (2) for every i and every x \in V_i, L(x) = r_i x; and (3) the orthogonal of the subspace spanned by \cup_i V_i is equal to the kernel of L.


Notation for topologies

* \sigma\left(X, X^\right) denotes the
coarsest topology In topology and related areas of mathematics, the set of all possible topologies on a given set forms a partially ordered set. This order relation can be used for comparison of the topologies. Definition A topology on a set may be defined as the ...
on X making every map in X^ continuous and X_ or X_ denotes X endowed with this topology. * \sigma\left(X^, X\right) denotes
weak-* topology In mathematics, weak topology is an alternative term for certain initial topologies, often on topological vector spaces or spaces of linear operators, for instance on a Hilbert space. The term is most commonly used for the initial topology of a ...
on X^ and X_ or X^_ denotes X^ endowed with this topology. ** Every x_0 \in X induces a map X^ \to \R defined by \lambda \mapsto \lambda \left(x_0\right). \sigma\left(X^, X\right) is the coarsest topology on X^ making all such maps continuous. * b\left(X, X^\right) denotes the topology of bounded convergence on X and X_ or X_b denotes X endowed with this topology. * b\left(X^, X\right) denotes the topology of bounded convergence on X^ or the strong dual topology on X^ and X_ or X^_b denotes X^ endowed with this topology. ** As usual, if X^ is considered as a topological vector space but it has not been made clear what topology it is endowed with, then the topology will be assumed to be b\left(X^, X\right).


Universal property

Suppose that Z is a locally convex space and that I is the canonical map from the space of all bilinear mappings of the form X \times Y \to Z, going into the space of all linear mappings of X \otimes Y \to Z. Then when the domain of I is restricted to \mathcal(X, Y; Z) (the space of separately continuous bilinear maps) then the range of this restriction is the space L\left(X \otimes_ Y; Z\right) of continuous linear operators X \otimes_ Y \to Z. In particular, the continuous dual space of X \otimes_ Y is canonically isomorphic to the space \mathcal(X, Y), the space of separately continuous bilinear forms on X \times Y. If \tau is a locally convex TVS topology on X \otimes Y (X \otimes Y with this topology will be denoted by X \otimes_ Y), then \tau is equal to the inductive tensor product topology if and only if it has the following property: :For every locally convex TVS Z, if I is the canonical map from the space of all bilinear mappings of the form X \times Y \to Z, going into the space of all linear mappings of X \otimes Y \to Z, then when the domain of I is restricted to \mathcal(X, Y; Z) (space of separately continuous bilinear maps) then the range of this restriction is the space L\left(X \otimes_ Y; Z\right) of continuous linear operators X \otimes_ Y \to Z.


See also

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References


Bibliography

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External links


Nuclear space at ncatlab
{{Functional analysis Functional analysis Topological vector spaces Topology Topological tensor products