, founded = 13 August 1932
, dissolved = 1947
, ideology =
Arab nationalism
Arab nationalism ( ar, القومية العربية, al-Qawmīya al-ʿArabīya) is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a nation and promotes the unity of Arab people, celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the language an ...
Palestinian nationalism
Palestinian nationalism is the national movement of the Palestinian people that espouses self-determination and sovereignty over the region of Palestine.de Waart, 1994p. 223 Referencing Article 9 of ''The Palestinian National Charter of 1968' ...
Anti-tribalismConstitutional monarchism
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...
Hashemite monarchismAnti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestin ...
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism ( ar, الوحدة العربية or ) is an ideology that espouses the unification of the countries of North Africa and Western Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely c ...
, founders =
Izzat Darwaza
Muhammad 'Izzat Darwazeh ( ar, محمد عزة دروزة; 1888–1984) was a Palestinian politician, historian, and educator from Nablus. Early in his career, he worked as an Ottoman bureaucrat in Palestine and Lebanon. Darwaza had long been a ...
Fahmi al-Abboushi Mu'in al-MadiAkram Zu'aytir
‘Ajaj Nuwayhid
Rashid al-Hajj IbrahimSubhi al-Khadra
Subhi Sa'id al-Khadra (1895-1955) was a Palestinian people, Palestinian Arab politician, lawyer, and newspaper columnist. As an Independence Party (Palestine), Istiqlal leader, he helped organize anti-British and anti-Zionism, anti-Zionist activit ...
Salim Salamah
, slogan = "England is the root of the illness and the basis of all disaster"
(rhyming in Arabic: ''Inkilitira asl al-da’ w-asas kul bila’'')
![Istiqlal](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Istiqlal.jpg)
The Independence Party of Palestine (''Hizb al-Istiqlal'') was an
Arab nationalist
Arab nationalism ( ar, القومية العربية, al-Qawmīya al-ʿArabīya) is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a nation and promotes the unity of Arab people, celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the language an ...
political party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology ...
established on 13 August 1932 in
Palestine
__NOTOC__
Palestine may refer to:
* State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia
* Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia
* Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East ...
during the
British Mandate. The party was founded by
Muhammad Izzat Darwaza, and the other founders of the party were
Fahmi al-Abboushi,
Mu'in al-Madi,
Akram Zu'aytir Akram ( ar, أکرم), is a given name and surname, derived from the Arabic root word ''Karam'' (), meaning generosity. In the Arabic language, Akram is a comparative adjective and means "kinder." In Turkey and Eastern Europe, the name is also rende ...
,
‘Ajaj Nuwayhid,
Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim,
Subhi al-Khadra
Subhi Sa'id al-Khadra (1895-1955) was a Palestinian people, Palestinian Arab politician, lawyer, and newspaper columnist. As an Independence Party (Palestine), Istiqlal leader, he helped organize anti-British and anti-Zionism, anti-Zionist activit ...
, and
Salim Salamah. The party did not achieve a large membership but
Awni Abd al-Hadi
Awni Abd al-Hadi, ( ar, عوني عبد الهادي) aka Auni Bey Abdel Hadi (1889, Nablus, Ottoman Empire – 15 March 1970, Cairo, Egypt) was a Palestinians, Palestinian political figure. He was educated in Beirut, Istanbul, and at the Sorbon ...
, through his role as private secretary to
Amir Feisal in Damascus between 1918-1920, had good relations with many senior leaders across the
Arab World
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western A ...
.
Its origins lay in the
Istiqlal movement Istiqlal ( ar, اِسْتِقْلال, istiqlāl) means ''independence'' and may refer to:
Political parties
*Azərbaycan Milli İstiqlal Partiyası or Azerbaijan National Independence Party, political party in Azerbaijan
*Harakat Al-Istiqlal or In ...
associated with the short-lived
Sharifian government in
Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious".
, motto =
, image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg
, image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg
, seal_type = Seal
, map_caption =
, ...
.
The party's creation was spurred by the
al-Husayni
Husayni ( ar, الحسيني also spelled Husseini) is the name of a prominent Palestinian Arab clan formerly based in Jerusalem, which claims descent from Husayn ibn Ali (the son of Ali).
The Husaynis follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam ...
-
Nashashibi
Nashashibi ( ar, النشاشيبي; transliteration, Al-Nashāshībī) is the name of a prominent Palestinian family based in Jerusalem.
After the First World War, during the British period, Raghib al-Nashashibi was Mayor of Jerusalem (1920–1 ...
rivalry, which had almost paralyzed the Palestinian national movement. Its founders, most of whom hailed from the Nablus area, called for the adoption of new methods of political action, including noncooperation with the British Mandate authorities and nonpayment of taxes. The party also called for total Arab independence, pan-Arab unity, the abrogation of the Mandate and the
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman regio ...
, and the establishment of Arab parliamentary rule in Palestine. The party called for mass resistance to the
Zionist
Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after ''Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...
project and its British patron in Palestine. During the
1936–39 Arab revolt the party called for an
Indian Congress Party
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British E ...
-style boycott of the British.
The party reached its maximum influence, especially among the young and the educated, in the first half of 1933, and then declined very rapidly. Among the factors responsible for its decline were the active hostility of the Husayni camp, the lack of financial resources. A distinctive mark of the party was its espousal of the idea that British imperialism was the principal enemy of the Palestinians; thus the party urged them to focus their struggle not simply on Zionism, but on British colonialism as well.
Istiqlal was represented on the first
Arab Higher Committee
The Arab Higher Committee ( ar, اللجنة العربية العليا) or the Higher National Committee was the central political organ of the Arab Palestinians in Mandatory Palestine. It was established on 25 April 1936, on the initiative o ...
formed in April 1937, with its leader,
Awni Abd al-Hadi
Awni Abd al-Hadi, ( ar, عوني عبد الهادي) aka Auni Bey Abdel Hadi (1889, Nablus, Ottoman Empire – 15 March 1970, Cairo, Egypt) was a Palestinians, Palestinian political figure. He was educated in Beirut, Istanbul, and at the Sorbon ...
, being general secretary of the AHC.
[Text of decree in Haim Levenberg, ''Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine 1945-1948'', Frank Cass London, 1993, p. 7.] Following the continuing disturbances, and the assassination on 26 September 1937 of the Acting British District Commissioner of
Galilee
Galilee (; he, הַגָּלִיל, hagGālīl; ar, الجليل, al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon. Galilee traditionally refers to the mountainous part, divided into Upper Galilee (, ; , ) and Lower Galil ...
, the AHC and other political parties, including Istiqlal, were outlawed by the British administration in October 1937. Al-Hadi, who was out of the country at the time, was not allowed to return. However, he was a member of the Palestinian Arab delegation that attended the 1939
London Conference.
See also
*
:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) politicians
Notes
References
*Choueiri, Youssef M. (2000). ''Arab Nationalism: Nation and State in the Arab World''. Oxford: Blackwell.
*Hassassian, Manuel Sarkis (1990). ''Palestine: Factionalism in the National Movement, 1919-1939''.
.
*Kedourie, Elie (1974). ''Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies''. London: Routledge.
*Khalidi, Rashid (1997). ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness''. Columbia University Press.
*Khalidi, Rashid (2001). The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure. In Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (Eds.). ''The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948''(pp. 12–36). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
*Pappé, Ilan (1999). ''The Israel/Palestine Question''. London: Routledge.
*''A Survey of Palestine - prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.'' Reprinted 1991 by the Institute of Palestine Studies, Washington. Volume II. .
{{Arab nationalism
Arab nationalism in Mandatory Palestine
Arab nationalist political parties
Organizations based in Mandatory Palestine
Political parties in Mandatory Palestine
Political parties established in 1932
1932 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Political parties disestablished in 1937
1937 disestablishments in Mandatory Palestine