The pine toad (''Incilius occidentalis'') is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Mexico and found on the Central Mexican Plateau.

Taxonomy

The species was conspecific with '' Incilius mccoyi'' until that species was described separately in 2011.

''Bufo intermedius''

In 2016, the enigmatic ''Bufo intermedius'', known only from old museum specimens supposedly collected from Ecuador and long suspected to be related to some Mexican species, was found to be

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

of ''Incilius occidentalis''. The decisive piece of evidence were the stomach contents that revealed two beetle species that do not occur in Ecuador.

Habitat and conservation

It is a common toad that lives in a wide variety of habitats, including lowland xeric scrubs, deciduous forest, coniferous forests, and oak forests. It can also occur in disturbed environments. Breeding takes place in streams, and desiccation, alteration and pollution of its breeding habitat are the main threats to this species.

References

occidentalis This list of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names is intended to help those unfamiliar with classical languages to understand and remember the scientific names of organisms. The binomial nomenclature used for animals and plants i ...

Endemic amphibians of Mexico Mexican Plateau Amphibians described in 1879 Taxa named by Lorenzo Camerano Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Bufonidae-stub