The Inca wren (''Pheugopedius eisenmanni'') is a species of
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
in the family
Troglodytidae. It is
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
to
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del PerĂº.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Inca wren is
monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
.
[
Curiously, this species was not detected by professionals until the 1960s and not described until 1985, though it is regularly encountered at ]Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain range.UNESCO World Heritage Centre. It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, which ...
.[Schulenberg, T. S. and T. Johnson (2020). Inca Wren (''Pheugopedius eisenmanni''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.incwre1.01 retrieved June 3, 2021]
Description
The Inca wren is long; males weigh and females . The adult male has a dull black crown and nape, a broad white supercilium
The supercilium is a plumage feature found on the heads of some bird species. It is a stripe which runs from the base of the bird's beak above its eye, finishing somewhere towards the rear of the bird's head.Dunn and Alderfer (2006), p. 10 Also ...
, and a black and white streaked face. Its shoulders, back, and rump are bright russet and the tail is russet with dusky bars. Its throat is white and the breast and belly are white with bold black streaks. Its flanks are dull yellowish brown. The adult female's crown is charcoal gray, its underparts' streaking is only on the breast, and the tail is less barred than the male's. The juvenile is duller overall, with a brown crown and unstreaked light grayish brown underparts.[
]
Distribution and habitat
The Inca wren is found only in a small area of Peru's Department of Cuzco
Cusco, also spelled Cuzco (; qu, Qusqu suyu ), is a regions of Peru, department and region in Peru and is the fourth largest department in the country, after Department of Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Department of Ucayali, Ucayali, and Depar ...
, on the east side of the Andes at elevations between . It inhabits the under and middle stories of humid montane forest
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial f ...
and its edges. It especially favors dense stands of Chusquea
''Chusquea'' is a genus of evergreen bamboos in the grass family. Most of them are native to mountain habitats in Latin America, from Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina.
They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unl ...
bamboo.[
]
Behavior
Feeding
The Inca wren is known to be insectivorous though details of its diet have been little reported. It forages near the ground in bamboo and other dense foliage, usually in pairs but also in groups of up to six individuals. It seldom joins mixed-species foraging flock
A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging. These ar ...
s.[
]
Breeding
Almost nothing is known about the Inca wren's breeding phenology
Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonality, seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as environmental factor, habitat factors (such as elevation).
Examples includ ...
. Fledglings have been observed in May.[
]
Vocalization
Male and female Inca wrens sing duets, "a rich, varied, warbled series of whistled phrases
One call is "a rich ''tchp'' or ''tchp-er'', sometimes in chattered serie
[
]
Status
The IUCN
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...
has assessed the Inca wren as being of Least Concern. Though it has a small range, its population is believed to be increasing.[ "Given that this species occupies disturbed habitats, it may even benefit, locally, from human activities, such as a low level of clearing for subsistence agriculture and road construction."][
]
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4763198
Inca wren
The Inca wren (''Pheugopedius eisenmanni'') is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is endemic to Peru.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Inca wren is monotypic.
Curiously, this species was not detected by professionals until the 196 ...
Birds of the Peruvian Andes
Endemic birds of Peru
Inca wren
The Inca wren (''Pheugopedius eisenmanni'') is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is endemic to Peru.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Inca wren is monotypic.
Curiously, this species was not detected by professionals until the 196 ...
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot