Imidugudu, meaning villages (sing. ''umudugudu''), are the smallest administrative divisions of

Rwanda Rwanda (; rw, u Rwanda ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator ...

. Imidugudu are the result of a forced villagization program that was launched on 13 December 1996 by a decision of the Rwandan Cabinet which set out to concentrate the entire rural population in such villages.F. Reyntjens, "Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda", pp. 172–3. Rwanda today has more than 14 000 ''imidugudu'', each of which houses about a hundred families.

Background

In the aftermath of the Rwandan Civil War and the subsequent genocide of 1994, Rwanda experienced an influx of an estimated 1 million so-called 'old caseload' refugees following in the trails of

Rwanda Patriotic Front The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF–Inkotanyi, french: Front patriotique rwandais, FPR) is the ruling political party in Rwanda. Led by President Paul Kagame, the party has governed the country since its armed wing defeated government forces, win ...

's victory.D. Hilhorst, M. van Leeuwen, "Emergency and Development", p. 266. These were mainly Tutsi exiles who had fled earlier outbursts of violence decades earlier. However, the need for housing was not immediate thanks to an exodus of 'new caseload' refugees accompanying the end of the genocide. This changed following the Rwandese invasion of Zaire in September 1996 which precipitated the

First Congo War The First Congo War, group=lower-alpha (1996–1997), also nicknamed Africa's First World War, was a civil war and international military conflict which took place mostly in Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), with major spillo ...

, after which hundreds of thousands of new caseload refugees were repatriated.

Implementation

The Imidugudu program was initially launched in order to make better use of land and to ensure the obedience of the populace. It was later reorganized twice, first to cater for the needs of the returning new caseload refugees, and then as a security measure to cope with an insurgency in Rwanda's northwestern region in 1997–1998. The program was implemented with substantial support from organizations such as the UNHCR and numerous NGOs. These international organizations helped to build 250 communities with 85,000 houses in the four years following the start of the program. Many more were built with local means only.

Criticism

Human Rights Watch surveys have found that people's approval for the Imidugudu program has varied widely depending on the location. In Cyangugu, a prefecture on the Congolese border, about half of the people surveyed by a Dutch NGO supported the resettlement. Only 7 percent of residents in Gitarama were willing to move, however. In concluding a report on the Imidugudu program from 2001 titled ''Uprooting The Rural Poor In Rwanda'', Human Rights Watch wrote: :The imidugudu program, generally understood by international actors to address the housing crisis, encapsulated also an effort to deal with the broader issues of economic development. Whether rural reorganization offers an effective solution to this major problem is debatable. What is not debatable is that the implementation of this program resulted in human rights abuses for tens of thousands of Rwandans.

Footnotes

References

* * {{cite book, last1=Reyntjens, first1=Filip, title=Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda, date=2013, publisher=Cambridge University Press, isbn=978-1-107-67879-8, location=Cambridge, ref=refReyntjens2013 Politics of Rwanda Villagization Settlement schemes in Africa