The Ilha Grande mangroves
ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of l ...
(WWF ID: NT1415) covers a series of disconnected salt-water and brackish
mangrove
A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows in coastal saline water, saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves are taxonomically diverse, as a result of convergent evoluti ...
forests along the southeastern coast of
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
on the South
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...
. The ecoregion is defined as covering the mangroves found between the
Paraíba do Sul
The Paraíba do Sul (), or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when ...
River in the north to
Florianópolis
Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as well as part of the mainland. It has a populat ...
in the south. This coastal region is the most densely population region of Brazil, and many of the mangroves are in close proximity to ports and industrial cities. A number of ecological reserves have been established to protect the high biodiversity of the mangroves, recognizing their importance to
migratory birds
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by ...
, and as nursery habitat for juvenile fish, crabs, shrimp, and mollusks.
Location and description
The ecoregion's mangroves exist in isolated sites, generally at river deltas or around protected bays or lagoons. Significant sites include:
*
Paraíba do Sul
The Paraíba do Sul (), or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in southeast Brazil. It flows west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos dos Goytacazes. The river receives its name when ...
estuary. This river outlet is the northernmost site, at
São João da Barra
São João da Barra () is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was 36,423 (2020) and its area is 459 km².
It is home to the Superporto do Açu.
History
Until the arrival of the Portuguese in Brazi ...
in Rio de Janeiro Province.
*
Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay ( pt, Baía de Guanabara, ) is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore the cities of Niterói and ...
. Around the north and eastern margins of the bay is a mangrove in the
Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area
Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area ( pt, Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guapimirim) is a coastal marine protected area on Guanabara Bay in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.
Location
The marine coastal protection area, whi ...
. The west side of the bay is the major city of
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
.
*
Ilha Grande
Ilha Grande ( "Big Island") is an island located off the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The island, which is part of the municipality of Angra dos Reis, remains largely undeveloped. For almost a century it was closed by the Brazilian gov ...
and
Paraty
Paraty (or Parati, ) is a preserved Portuguese colonial (1500–1822) and Brazilian Imperial (1822–1889) municipality with a population of about 43,000. Indeed, the name "Paraty" originates from the local Guaianá Indians' Indigenous Tupi l ...
. Ilha Grande is relatively undeveloped, and with Paraty has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They are near the cities of
Sepetiba
Sepetiba is a neighborhood in the Rio de Janeiro#West Zone, West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, surrounded by Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Cruz and Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Guaratiba, and by the Sepetiba Bay. It occupies an area of 1,162 ...
and
Angra dos Reis
Angra dos Reis (; Portuguese for ''cove'' or ''bay of the Kings'') is a Brazilian municipality located in the southern part of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The city is located by the sea and includes in its territory many offshore islands, the l ...
, built-up port cities situated on separate bays west of Rio de Janeiro.
*
Santos, São Paulo
Santos (, ''Saints'') is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas. It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente, which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São ...
. This port city of immediately south of the capital city of
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
is surrounded by a mangrove forest.
*
Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve
The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve ( pt, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Barra do Una) is a sustainable development reserve in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Location
The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve (RD ...
, is a small protected mangrove at the mouth of the
Una do Prelado River
The Una do Prelado River ( pt, Una do Prelado River) is a river in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Course
The Una do Prelado River is the largest in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, a strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Fo ...
.
*
Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area
The Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area ( pt, Área de Proteção Ambiental da Ilha Comprida) is an environmental protection area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It protects an island with an environment of dunes, salt marshes and mang ...
, at the mouth of the
Ribeira de Iguape River
The Ribeira de Iguape River ( pt, Rio Ribeira de Iguape), or simply the Ribeira River ( pt, Rio Ribeira), is a river of Paraná and São Paulo states in southeastern Brazil. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Iguape.
The river is home to sever ...
and along an estuarine lagoon. The site is a RAMSAR wetland of international importance.
*
Superagüi National Park, protecting a series of islands around the Bay of
Paranaguá
Paranaguá (''Great Round Sea'', in Tupi) is a city in the state of Paraná in Brazil. Founded in 1648, it is Paraná's oldest city. It is known for the Port of Paranaguá, which serves as both the sea link for Curitiba, to the west and the cap ...
* Baía da Babitonga was the site of the proposed
Baía da Babitonga Wildlife Reserve, a project that was dropped in 2006.
*
Florianópolis
Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as well as part of the mainland. It has a populat ...
, a major city on a bay surrounded by mangroves.
Climate
The climate of the ecoregion is ''
Humid continental climate, warm wet summer'' (
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
(Cfa)). This climate is characterized by large seasonal temperature differentials. No month averages below , at least one month averages above , and four months average over . In this ecoregion, average annual temperatures range form 15 to 24 degrees C.
Precipitation is relatively even throughout the year, and averages 1,500 - 2,500 mm/year.
Flora and fauna
Characteristic tree species for the ecoregion's mangroves are ''
Avicennia
''Avicennia'' is a genus of flowering plants currently placed in the bear's breeches family, Acanthaceae. It contains mangrove trees, which occur in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas and are characterized by its "pencil roots", which are a ...
schaueriana'', white mangrove (''
Laguncularia racemosa
''Laguncularia racemosa'', the white mangrove, is a species of flowering plant in the leadwood tree family, Combretaceae. It is native to the coasts of western Africa from Senegal to Cameroon, the Atlantic Coast of the Americas from Bermuda and ...
''), and red mangrove (''
Rhizophora mangle
''Rhizophora mangle'', the red mangrove, is distributed in Estuary, estuarine ecosystems throughout the tropics. Its Vivipary, viviparous "seeds", in actuality called propagules, become fully mature plants before dropping off the parent tree. Th ...
'').
The critically endangered
Superagüi lion tamarin (''
Leontopithecus caissara
The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion.
Description
Living in the eastern rainforests ...
'') lives in the ecoregion, primarily in Superagui National Park.
Protected areas
Officially protected areas in the ecoregion include:
*
Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area
Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area ( pt, Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guapimirim) is a coastal marine protected area on Guanabara Bay in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.
Location
The marine coastal protection area, whi ...
, on
Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay ( pt, Baía de Guanabara, ) is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lie the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore the cities of Niterói and ...
in the state of
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
*
, on the bay guarded by Ilha Grande.
*
Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve
The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve ( pt, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Barra do Una) is a sustainable development reserve in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Location
The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve (RD ...
*
Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area
The Ilha Comprida Environmental Protection Area ( pt, Área de Proteção Ambiental da Ilha Comprida) is an environmental protection area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It protects an island with an environment of dunes, salt marshes and mang ...
*
Superagüi National Park
*
Bom Jesus Biological Reserve
The Bom Jesus Biological Reserve ( pt, Reserva Biológica Bom Jesus) is a biological reserve in the state of Paraná, Brazil.
Location
The Bom Jesus Biological Reserve is in the municipalities of Antonina (30%), Guaraqueçaba (53%) and Paran ...
References
{{reflist
Neotropical ecoregions
Ecoregions of Brazil
Mangrove ecoregions