Igor Youriévitch Bogdanoff (; 29 August 1949 – 3 January 2022) and Grégoire "Grichka" Youriévitch Bogdanoff (; 29 August 1949 – 28 December 2021) were French twin television presenters, producers, and essayists who, from the 1970s on, presented various subjects in science fiction, popular science, and cosmology. They were involved in a number of controversies, most notably the

Bogdanov affair The Bogdanov affair was an academic dispute regarding the legitimacy of a series of theoretical physics papers written by French twins Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff, Igor and Grichka Bogdanov (alternatively spelled ''Bogdanoff''). The papers were pub ...

, in which the brothers were alleged to have written nonsensical advanced physics papers that were nonetheless published in reputable scientific journals.

Early years

Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff were identical twin brothers born to Maria "Maya" Dolores Franzyska Kolowrat-Krakowská (1926–1982), of Bohemian and Polish descent, and Yuri Mikhaïlovitch Bogdanoff (1928–2012), an itinerant Russian farm worker, later a painter. Igor was born 40 minutes before Grichka. They had no connection to, or involvement with, their father's family, and were raised by their maternal grandmother, Countess Bertha Kolowrat-Krakowská (1890–1982),Brooks, Christopher A
Roland Hayes: ''The Legacy of an American Tenor''

Indiana University Press Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences. Its headquarters are located in Bloomington, Indiana. IU Press publishes 140 ...

. Bloomington. 2015. pp. 358, 361–62, 366–67, 379; in her castle in southern France. Bertha Kolowrat-Krakowská belonged to the noble Kolowrat family of

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

and was married to Count Hieronymus Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1870–1942), a member of the Austrian princely house of

Colloredo-Mannsfeld The House of Colloredo-Mansfeld () is an originally Italian noble family of which a branch came to Austria in the late 16th century. There they were raised to barons in 1588, imperial counts in 1727 and imperial princes (in primogeniture) in 1763. ...

.Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIX. "Colloredo-Mannsfeld". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2011, pp. 127–29. (in German); Her pregnancy by African-American tenor Roland Hayes caused her to forfeit access to her four elder children, to her palatial homes in Berlin and Prague, and also her reputation in European society. She tried to sustain her episodic relationship with Hayes after her divorce and his return to the United States, but declined his offer to legally adopt and raise their daughter, Maria, who became Igor and Grichka's mother. Although the Bogdanoff twins claimed to be descended paternally from a noble

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

Tatar family traceable to the beginning of the 17th century (originally from Penza, one of whose

mirza Mirza may refer to: * Mirza, Kamrup, town in Assam, India * Mirza (name), historical royal title & noble * ''Mirza'', the genus of giant mouse lemur * "Mirza", song by Nino Ferrer * ''Mirza – The Untold Story'', Punjabi action romance film wri ...

s converted to Orthodox Christianity, and was rewarded with the title of prince by a decree from Tsar Feodor III; the mirza did not exercise this right, and the title of "Prince Bogdanoff" was lost by the end of the 19th century), there is scant evidence for that. Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner observed: "The Bogdanov twins claim that their father was a member of a princely Russian family. Other than a statement by Dr. Stanislaus Dumin (included in a message posted by the twins on 7 January 2005 to the alt.talk.royalty Usenet newsgroup), there isn't much evidence to support this claim." Journalist and documentary filmmaker Maud Guillaumin, author of ''Le mystère Bogdanoff'' (L'Archipel, 2019), comprehensively examined the twins' account, noting it to comprise "approximations and historical inaccuracies"; she found that Yuri Bogdanoff had gone to Spain as a young man, and, unable to return to the USSR as he would have been considered a spy and imprisoned, went to France and began "a life of wandering from farm to Pyrenean farm" before, in 1948 aged 21, arriving at the castle of his future mother-in-law, "renowned in the

Gers Gers (; oc, Gers or , ) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southwestern France. Named after the Gers River, its inhabitants are called the ''Gersois'' and ''Gersoises'' in French. In 2019, it had a population of 191,377.

for employing Slavs". Guillaumin noted that "the twins totally deny this sad odyssey. They explain that they have found proof that their father was the descendant of a prince, the right arm of Tsar Peter the Great", that "according to them, Youra was a young artist ..he would have followed 'a solid training as a painter as a free auditor at the Beaux-Arts'", and that "it was there, according to the twins, who love romance, that a "famous writer" met in Paris would have introduced Youra to their grandmother". Guillaumin's interview with the Bogdanoff twins' godmother, Monique David, contradicted their romantic account, and established that the twins' mother, Maya, was pregnant with them at the time of her marriage to Yuri Bogdanoff, whom the countess considered an unworthy match for her daughter. She "chased him away", leading him to be absent from his sons' lives until they were ten years old, and subsequently divorced from Maya. Besides French, they spoke German, Russian, and English.

Television shows

The brothers began careers in television, hosting several popular programs on science and science fiction. The first of these, ''Temps X'' (''Time X''), ran from 1979 to 1989 and introduced several British and American science-fiction series to the French public, including '' The Prisoner'', ''

Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the eponymous 1960s television series and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into vari ...

'', and ''

Doctor Who ''Doctor Who'' is a British science fiction television series broadcast by the BBC since 1963. The series depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called the Doctor, an extraterrestrial being who appears to be human. The Doctor explores the u ...

'', in addition to featuring musical guests such as Jean-Michel Jarre. In 2002, the Bogdanoffs launched a new weekly television show, ''Rayons X'' (''

X Rays An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30&nbs ...

''), on the French public channel France 2. In August 2004, they presented a 90-minute special cosmology program.

Academic careers

Grichka Bogdanoff received a Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the University of Burgundy ( Dijon) in 1999. In 2002, Igor Bogdanoff received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Burgundy. Both brothers received the lowest passing grade of "honorable".

Bogdanov affair

In 2001 and 2002, the brothers published five papers (including "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime") in peer-reviewed physics journals. Controversy over the Bogdanoffs' work began on 22 October 2002, with an email sent by University of Tours physicist Max Niedermaier to University of Pittsburgh physicist Ezra T. Newman. Niedermaier suggested that the Bogdanoffs' Ph.D. theses and papers were "spoof , created by throwing together instances of theoretical-physics jargon, including terminology from

string theory In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interac ...

: "The abstracts are delightfully meaningless combinations of buzzwords ... which apparently have been taken seriously." Copies of the email reached American mathematical physicist

John C. Baez John Carlos Baez (; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physics, mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California, Riverside, California. He has worked o ...

, and on 23 October he created a discussion thread about the Bogdanoffs' work on the Usenet newsgroup ''sci.physics.research'', titled "Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax?" Baez was comparing the Bogdanoffs' publications to the 1996

Sokal affair The Sokal affair, also called the Sokal hoax, was a demonstrative scholarly publishing sting, scholarly hoax performed by Alan Sokal, a physics professor at New York University and University College London. In 1996, Sokal submitted an article t ...

, in which physicist Alan Sokal successfully submitted an intentionally nonsensical paper to a

cultural studies Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the political dynamics of contemporary culture (including popular culture) and its historical foundations. Cultural studies researchers generally investigate how cultural practices re ...

journal in order to criticize that field's lax standards for discussing science. The Bogdanoffs quickly became a popular discussion topic, with most respondents agreeing that the papers were flawed. The story spread in public media, prompting Niedermaier to offer an apology to the Bogdanoffs, admitting that he had not read the papers himself. The Bogdanoffs' background in entertainment lent some plausibility to the idea that they were attempting a deliberate hoax, but Igor Bogdanoff quickly denied the accusation. In October 2002, the Bogdanoffs released an email containing apparently supportive statements by Laurent Freidel, then a visiting professor at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Soon after, Freidel denied writing any such remarks, telling the press that he had forwarded a message containing that text to a friend. The online discussion was quickly followed by media attention. '' The Register'' reported on the dispute on 1 November 2002, and stories in '' The Chronicle of Higher Education'', '' Nature'', ''The New York Times'', and other publications appeared soon after. These news stories included commentary by physicists. One of the scientists who approved Igor Bogdanoff's thesis, Roman Jackiw of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spoke to '' The New York Times'' reporter Dennis Overbye. Overbye wrote that Jackiw was intrigued by the thesis, although it contained many points he did not understand. Jackiw defended the thesis. In contrast, Ignatios Antoniadis (of the École Polytechnique), who approved Grichka Bogdanoff's thesis, later reversed his judgment of it. Antoniadis told '' Le Monde'':

I had given a favorable opinion for Grichka's defense, based on a rapid and indulgent reading of the thesis text. Alas, I was completely mistaken. The scientific language was just an appearance behind which hid incompetence and ignorance of even basic physics.

The journal '' Classical and Quantum Gravity'' (CQG) published one of the Bogdanoffs' papers, titled "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime"; Ian Russell, assistant director of its journals division, later issued a statement stating that "we deployed our standard peer-review process on that paper." After the publication of the article and the publicity surrounding the controversy, mathematician Greg Kuperberg posted to Usenet a statement written by the journal's senior publisher, Andrew Wray, and its co-editor, Hermann Nicolai. The statement read, in part,

Regrettably, despite the best efforts, the refereeing process cannot be 100% effective. Thus the paper ... made it through the review process even though, in retrospect, it does not meet the standards expected of articles in this journal... The paper was discussed extensively at the annual Editorial Board meeting ... and there was general agreement that it should not have been published. Since then several steps have been taken to further improve the peer review process in order to improve the quality assessment on articles submitted to the journal and reduce the likelihood that this could happen again.

The statement was quoted in ''The New York Times,'' ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', and '' Nature.'' Moreover, ''

Die Zeit ''Die Zeit'' (, "The Time") is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles. History The ...

'' quoted Nicolai as saying that had the paper reached his desk, he would have immediately rejected it. Christoph Drösser, Ulrich Schnabel. "
Die Märchen der Gebrüder Bogdanov
'" ("Fairy tales of the Brothers Bogdanov") ''

'' (2002), issue 46. The ''

Chinese Journal of Physics The Chinese Journal of Physics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of physics. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Physical Society of Taiwan. The journal publishes reviews, articles, and refereed confere ...

'' published Igor Bogdanoff's "The KMS state of spacetime at the Planck scale", while ''

Nuovo Cimento ''Nuovo Cimento'' is a series of peer-reviewed scientific journals of physics. The series was first established in 1855, when Carlo Matteucci and Raffaele Piria started publishing ''Il Nuovo Cimento'' as the continuation of ''Il Cimento'', which ...

'' published "KMS space-time at the Planck scale". According to physicist Arun Bala, all of these papers "involved purported applications of quantum theory to understand processes at the dawn of the universe", but ultimately turned out to be a "hoax perpetrated on the physics community." Not all review evaluations were positive. Eli Hawkins, acting as a referee on behalf of the '' Journal of Physics A'', suggested rejecting one of the Bogdanoffs' papers: "It would take up too much space to enumerate all the mistakes: indeed it is difficult to say where one error ends and the next begins." Eventually, the controversy attracted mainstream media attention, opening new avenues for physicists' comments to be disseminated. '' Le Monde'' quoted Alain Connes, recipient of the 1982

Fields Medal The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The name of the award ho ...

, as saying, "I didn't need long to convince myself that they're talking about things that they haven't mastered." ''The New York Times'' reported that the physicists David Gross,

Carlo Rovelli Carlo Rovelli (born May 3, 1956) is an Italian theoretical physicist and writer who has worked in Italy, the United States and, since 2000, in France. He is also currently a Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute, and c ...

, and Lee Smolin considered the Bogdanoff papers nonsensical.

Nobel laureate The Nobel Prizes ( sv, Nobelpriset, no, Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make out ...

Georges Charpak later stated on a French talk show that the Bogdanoffs' presence in the scientific community was "nonexistent". Robert Oeckl's official MathSciNet review of "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime" states that the paper is "rife with nonsensical or meaningless statements and suffers from a serious lack of coherence", follows up with several examples to illustrate his point, and concludes that the paper "falls short of scientific standards and appears to have no meaningful content." An official report from the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), which became public in 2010, concluded that the paper "''ne peut en aucune façon être qualifié de contribution scientifique''" ("cannot in any way be considered a scientific contribution"). The CNRS report summarized the Bogdanoffs' theses thus: "''Ces thèses n’ont pas de valeur scientifique. ��Rarement aura-t-on vu un travail creux habillé avec une telle sophistication''" ("These theses have no scientific value. ..Rarely have we seen a hollow work dressed with such sophistication''"'')''.''

Lawsuits

On December 30, 2004, the Bogdanoffs sued ''Ciel et Espace'' for

defamation Defamation is the act of communicating to a third party false statements about a person, place or thing that results in damage to its reputation. It can be spoken (slander) or written (libel). It constitutes a tort or a crime. The legal defini ...

over the publication of a critical article titled "The Mystification of the Bogdanoffs". In September 2006, the case was dismissed after the Bogdanoffs missed court deadlines; they were ordered to pay

€ The euro sign () is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone and unilaterally adopted by Kosovo and Montenegro. The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. It consists o ...

2,500 to the magazine's publisher to cover its legal costs. There was never a substantive ruling on whether or not the Bogdanoffs had been defamed. Alain Riazuelo, an astrophysicist at the

Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris The Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (translated: Paris Institute of Astrophysics) is a research institute in Paris, France. The Institute is part of the Sorbonne University and is associated with the CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifiq ...

, participated in many of the online discussions of the Bogdanoffs' work. He posted an unpublished version of Grichka Bogdanoff's Ph.D. thesis on his personal website, along with his critical analysis. Bogdanoff subsequently described this version as "dating from 1991 and too unfinished to be made public". Rather than suing Riazuelo for

, Bogdanoff filed a criminal complaint of copyright (''droit d'auteur'') violation against him in May 2011. The police detained and interrogated Riazuelo. He was convicted in March 2012. A fine of €2,000 the court imposed was suspended, and only €1.00 of damages was awarded, but in passing judgement the court stated that the scientist had "lacked prudence", given "the fame of the plaintiff". The verdict outraged many scientists, who felt that the police and courts should have no say in a discussion of the scientific merits of a piece of work. In April 2012, a group of 170 scientists published an open letter titled ''L'affaire Bogdanoff: Liberté, Science et Justice, Des scientifiques revendiquent leur droit au blâme'' (''The Bogdanoff Affair: Liberty, Science and Justice, scientists claim their right of critique''). In 2014, the Bogdanoffs sued the weekly magazine '' Marianne'' for defamation, on account of reporting the magazine had published in 2010 which had brought the CNRS report to light. The magazine was eventually ordered to pay €64,000 in damages, much less than the €800,000 each which the Bogdanoffs had originally demanded. The Bogdanoffs also sued the CNRS for €1.2 million in damages, claiming that the CNRS report had "''porté atteinte à leur honneur, à leur réputation et à leur crédit''" ("undermined their honor, reputation and credit") and calling the report committee a "''Stasi scientifique''", but a tribunal ruled against them in 2015 and ordered them to pay €2,000.

Megatrend University

In 2005, the Bogdanoffs became professors at Megatrend University in

Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...

, where they were appointed to Chairs of Cosmology and made directors of the 'Megatrend Laboratory of Cosmology'.

Mića Jovanović Mića Jovanović ( sr-cyr, Мића Јовановић, born 28 January 1953) is a Serbian businessman and university professor. He is the founder and long-time head of Belgrade's Megatrend University. He resigned the position in 2014 after alleg ...

, the

rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...

and owner of Megatrend University, wrote a preface for the

Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also

* * * Old Serbian (disambiguat ...

edition of ''Avant le Big Bang.'' Jovanović himself later became embroiled in controversy and resigned his post, when he was found out to not have obtained a Ph.D. at the London School of Economics as he had claimed. This scandal, combined with the presence of the Bogdanoffs, contributed to an atmosphere of controversy surrounding Megatrend.

Personal lives

The Bogdanoff twins, who denied having undergone plastic surgery, became known for their prominent cheekbones and chins. In 2010, '' The Sydney Morning Herald'' described the twins' cheekbones as "so high and bulbous as to appear to threaten their owners' vision", adding that the twins' appearance at the Cannes Film Festival had "caused a stir around the world". The ''Herald'' noted that the twins' cheekbones had become noticeably larger in the 1990s, and that "growth in their lips and chins continued unabated through the last decade". According to former education minister

Luc Ferry Luc Ferry (; born 3 January 1951) is a French philosopher and politician, and a proponent of secular humanism. He is a former member of the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank. Biography He received an Agrégation de philosophie (1975), a Docto ...

, a friend of the brothers, they had both received botox injections for cosmetic treatment. The twins became popular

Internet meme An Internet meme, commonly known simply as a meme ( ), is an idea, behavior, style, or image that is spread via the Internet, often through social media platforms. What is considered a meme may vary across different communities on the Internet ...

s, especially among enthusiasts of

cryptocurrency A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it. It i ...

, jokingly depicting the Bogdanoffs as "all-powerful market makers". Their status as "crypto memes" was covered by several outlets upon their deaths, including CNN, '' Business Insider'', and '' The Daily Telegraph''. The twins "went along with their meme fame", according to ''Business Insider'', and said they predicted cryptocurrency in the 1980s on ''Temps X''. Igor Bogdanoff had six children, four from his first marriage and two from his second. He married his second wife, Amélie de Bourbon-Parme, civilly in Paris on 1 October 2009 and religiously in

Chambord Chambord can refer to: * Chambord (liqueur), a brand of raspberry-flavored liqueur * Château de Chambord, a French ''château'' built in the 16th century * Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, the French commune where the ''château'' is located * Chambord, ...

two days later.

Deaths

The Bogdanoff twins were both hospitalized, at the Georges Pompidou European Hospital in Paris, in critical condition on 15 December 2021, after contracting COVID-19. Grichka died on 28 December, and Igor died six days later, on 3 January 2022. They were 72 and both were

unvaccinated A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified.

. The funeral for both twins was held on 10 January 2022, in the Church of the Madeleine, in Paris, France..

Publications

The Bogdanoff brothers published a number of works in science fiction, philosophy and

popular science ''Popular Science'' (also known as ''PopSci'') is an American digital magazine carrying popular science content, which refers to articles for the general reader on science and technology subjects. ''Popular Science'' has won over 58 awards, incl ...

. Since 1991, they signed their books as "Bogdanov", preferring "v" to "ff". * ''Clefs pour la science-fiction'' (essay), Éditions Seghers, 378 p., Paris, 1976 , BNF:34707099q. * ''L'Effet science-fiction: à la recherche d'une définition'' (essay), Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1979, 423 p., , BNF:34650185 g. * ''Chroniques du "Temps X"'' (preface by Gérard Klein), Éditions du Guépard, Paris, 1981, 247 p., , BNF: 34734883f. * ''La Machine fantôme'', Éditions J'ai lu, 1985, 251 p., , BNF:34842073t. * ''La Mémoire double'' (novel), first as hardcover on Éditions Hachette, Paris, 1985, 381 p., , BNF:348362498; then as pocket book * ''Dieu et la science: vers le métaréalisme'' (interviews with Jean Guitton): Hardcover Éditions Grasset, Paris, 1991, 195 p., , BNF: 35458968t; then as a pocketbook * ''Avant le Big Bang: la création du monde'' (essay), 2004 * ''Voyage vers l'Instant Zéro'', Éditions EPA, Paris, 2006, 185 p., , BNF: 40986028h. * ''Nous ne sommes pas seuls dans l'univers'', Éditions EPA, Paris, 2007, 191 p., , BNF: 411885989. * ''Au commencement du temps'', Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 2009, 317 p., , BNF: 420019981. * ''Le Visage de Dieu'', (with a preface by Robert Woodrow Wilson and endnotes by Jim Peebles, Robert Woodrow Wilson and John Mather, Éditions Grasset, Paris, May 2010, 282 p., , BNF: 42207600f. * ''Le Dernier Jour des dinosaures'' Éditions de la Martinière, Octobre 2011, * ''La Pensée de Dieu'', (with endnotes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres), Éditions Grasset, Paris, June 2012, * ''Le mystère du satellite Planck'' ''(Qu'y avait-il avant le Big Bang ?)'' (with preface and endnotes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres, Éditions Eyrolles, June 2013, * ''La Fin du hasard'', Éditions Grasset, Paris, Octobre 2013, * ''3 minutes pour comprendre la grande théorie du Big Bang'' (preface by John Mather, end notes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres, Éditions Le Courrier du Livre, October 2014,

References

Sources

Luboš Motl Luboš Motl (; born 5 December 1973) is a Czech physicist and blogger. He was an assistant professor in physics at Harvard University from 2004 to 2007. His scientific publications were focused on string theory. Life and career Motl was born in ...

, ''L'équation Bogdanoff: le secret de l'origine de l'univers?'', translated from English by Sonia Quémener, Marc Lenoir and Laurent Martein; Preface by Clóvis de Matos, Presses de la Renaissance, Paris, 2008, 237 pp., , {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogdanoff, Igor and Grichka 1949 births Bogdanoff, Grichka Bogdanoff, Igor French television presenters French science fiction writers Controversies in France Television controversies in France French twins French people of Russian descent French people of Tatar descent Sibling duos French people of African-American descent French people of Austrian descent French people of Czech descent Internet memes People from Gers Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France