Politics in 19th-century Hungary substantially driven by the "Ideology of '47, '48, '49 and '67", which refer to a set of different normative beliefs that were prevalent in the country in the second half of the 19th century. The political spectrum and the society changed dramatically during that time, especially through decisive events such as the

Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 or fully Hungarian Civic Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 () was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although th ...

or the

Ausgleich The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (german: Ausgleich, hu, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary ...

in 1867. Many scholars have argued that this had a transformative effect not only on the legal and governmental systems of the time, but also on the legal claims of different social groups which resulted in the formation of a new political landscape after both major historical events.{{Citation needed, date=August 2018

Before the Ausgleich (1867)

After the

there was a need for the creation of diverse political directions in

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

. Three distinguishable ideologies were created - '47ers, '48ers and '49ers.

'47ers

The '47ers wanted to restore the conditions before the revolution. They were sometimes termed ''ancient conservatives'', and even though they stood the closest to the court, their ideas about the extent and the way of Hungary's self-government met with criticism by the Vienna court. Typical '47ers like Sámuel Jósika and

Emil Dessewffy Count Emil Dessewffy de Csernek et Tarkeő (24 February 1814, Eperjes – 10 January 1866, Pozsony) was a Hungarian conservative politician, leader of the Conservative Party, who served as President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences The Hu ...

were the ruling figures of the

Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...

before or during the revolution.

István Széchenyi Count István Széchenyi de Sárvár-Felsővidék ( hu, sárvár-felsővidéki gróf Széchenyi István, ; archaically English: Stephen Széchenyi; 21 September 1791 – 8 April 1860) was a Hungarian politician, political theorist, and wri ...

had the greatest ideological and financial influence on them. They were on several issues ideological closer to the '48ers than to the '49ers.

'48ers

The '48ers sought to achieve the goals and ideals of the revolution, based on the

April Laws The April Laws, also called March Laws, were a collection of laws legislated by Lajos Kossuth with the aim of modernizing the Kingdom of Hungary into a Parliamentary system, parliamentary democracy, nation state. The imperative program include ...

, requiring the fulfillment of the aims of the revolution preferably by negotiations led by Ferenc Deák. At the 1861 parliamentary elections the

Address Party The Address Party ( hu, Felirati Párt) was one of the two political groups of the National Assembly of 1861 in Hungary. The group was led by Ferenc Deák. In 1865 the party was renamed to Deák Party. The Deák Party was succeeded by the Liberal ...

, and at the parliamentary election in 1865 the

Deák Party The Deák Party ( hu, Deák Párt) was a political party in Hungary in the 1860s and 1870s led by Ferenc Deák. History The Deák Party was founded in 1865 as the successor to the Address Party. It won the 1865 elections in Hungary, and also wo ...

represented these ideas.Magyar Katolikus Lexikon - 47-es, 48-as, 49-es pártok
/ref>

'49ers

The '49ers wanted to achieve the 1849 conditions, like the dethronement of the

House of Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

, the conversion of Hungary into a republic and the independence from

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

which was considered

radical Radical may refer to: Politics and ideology Politics *Radical politics, the political intent of fundamental societal change *Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and ...

. In 1861

László Teleki Count László Teleki IV de Szék (11 February 1811 – 8 May 1861) was a Hungarian writer and statesman. He is remembered as the author of the drama ''Kegyencz'' ("The Favourite", 1841). In older books in English he is given the name "Ladisla ...

and the

Resolution Party The Resolution Party ( hu, Határozati Párt) was one of the two political groups of the National Assembly of 1861 in Hungary. The group was led by Count László Teleki Count László Teleki IV de Szék (11 February 1811 – 8 May 1861) was ...

then at the parliamentary election in 1865 a part of the

Left Centre The Left Centre ( hu, Balközép) was a political party in Hungary in the 1860s and 1870s led by Kálmán Tisza and Kálmán Ghyczy.Vincent E McHale (1983) ''Political parties of Europe'', Greenwood Press, p505 History The Left Centre finished se ...

, but especially the

Far-Left Far-left politics, also known as the radical left or the extreme left, are politics further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left. The term does not have a single definition. Some scholars consider ...

fraction of the

represedented these ideas. Their unofficial leader was

Lajos Kossuth Lajos Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva (, hu, udvardi és kossuthfalvi Kossuth Lajos, sk, Ľudovít Košút, anglicised as Louis Kossuth; 19 September 1802 – 20 March 1894) was a Hungarian nobleman, lawyer, journalist, poli ...

After the Ausgleich (1876)

The conclusion of the

and the establishment of the dual monarchy of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

created new political conditions. The previous political directions lost their raison d'etre and meaning, therefore new ones had to be formed. Although their political ideas did not change significantly, new goals had to be set.

'67ers

The '67ers were in favor of the

and the

. Their ideological leader was Ferenc Deák, the head of the

. They won the first parliamentary election after the Ausgleich in 1869 and also the second in 1872. The Deák Party merged with the main opposition force, the

on the March 1 in 1875 and formed the

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...

which won every single election with stable majority until 1905. They are seen as the ''right-wing'' of the

Hungarian Parliament The National Assembly ( hu, Országgyűlés, lit=Country Assembly) is the parliament of Hungary. The unicameral body consists of 199 (386 between 1990 and 2014) members elected to 4-year terms. Election of members is done using a semi-proporti ...

New '48ers

The New '48ers were mostly former '49ers, but also those '47ers or '48ers who opposed the Ausgleich and disagreed with Deák on important issues. The most radical '48ers were members of the ''National 1848 Party'' (also known as the

), while the moderates in the Left Center. When the

and the Left Center began to move closer together, first the Principled Left Center and then the

Independence Party Independence Party may refer to: Active parties Outside United States * Independence Party (Egypt) * Estonian Independence Party * Independence Party (Finland) * Independence Party (Iceland) * Independence Party (Mauritius) * Independence Part ...

split of the Left Center. The Principled Left Center and the ''National 1848 Party'' (also known as

) united in 1874 and formed the

Independence Party of 1848 Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...

. Then, for ten years, the

and the

were the two biggest parties of the opposition, under the leadership of

Lajos Mocsáry Lajos () is a Hungarian masculine given name, cognate to the English Louis. People named Lajos include: Hungarian monarchs: * Lajos I, 1326-1382 (ruled 1342-1382) * Lajos II, 1506-1526 (ruled 1516-1526) In Hungarian politics: * Lajos Aulich ...

and

Dániel Irányi Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge"Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 68. (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength"), ...

. These were united in 1884 as the

Party of Independence and '48 The Party of Independence and '48 ( hu, Függetlenségi és 48-as Párt; F48P), also known mostly by its shortened form Independence Party ( hu, Függetlenségi Párt), was one of the two major political parties in the Kingdom of Hungary within Au ...

, which became the largest opposition party and the largest ''new '48er'' party of

. The party disintegrated several times and re-united (sometimes tracefully) until the fall of the monarchy. They came to power only once, between 1906 and 1910. They are seen as the ''left-wing'' of the

References

Political history of Hungary 19th century in Hungary