Ahmad ibn Rustah Isfahani ( fa, احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی ''Aḥmad ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī''), more commonly known as Ibn Rustah (, also spelled ''Ibn Rusta'' and ''Ibn Ruste''), was a tenth-century
Persian
Persian may refer to:
* People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language
** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples
** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
explorer and geographer born in
Rosta district,
Isfahan,
Persia
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
. He wrote a geographical compendium known as ''Kitāb al-A‘lāq al-Nafīsa'' ( ar, كتاب الأعلاق النفيسة, ''Book of Precious Records''). The information on his home town of
Isfahan is especially extensive and valuable. Ibn Rustah states that, while for other lands he had to depend on second-hand reports, often acquired with great difficulty and with no means of checking their veracity, for Isfahan he could use his own experience and observations or statements from others known to be reliable. Thus we have a description of the twenty districts (''rostaqs'') of Isfahan containing details not found in other geographers' works. Concerning the town itself, we learn that it was perfectly circular in shape, with a circumference of half a
farsang, walls defended by a hundred towers, and four gates.
Recorded information
His information on the non-Islamic peoples of Europe and Inner Asia makes him a useful source for these obscure regions (he was even aware of the existence of the British Isles and of the
Heptarchy
The Heptarchy were the seven petty kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England that flourished from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century until they were consolidated in the 8th century into the four kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbria, Wess ...
of Anglo-Saxon England) and for the prehistory of the Turks and other
steppe peoples.
He traveled to
Novgorod with the
Rus' and compiled books relating his own travels, as well as second-hand knowledge of the
Khazars
The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...
,
Magyars,
Slavs,
Bulgars and other peoples.
* He wrote of a 10th-century city of the
Rus':
::''"As for the Rus, they live on an island … that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; … They harry the
Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and … sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav's lands … When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, 'I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon.'"''
:His impression of the Rus' seemed to be very favorable:
::''"They carry clean clothes and the men adorn themselves with bracelets and gold. They treat their slaves well and also they carry exquisite clothes, because they put great effort in trade. They have many towns. They have a most friendly attitude towards foreigners and strangers who seek refuge."''
:This is in contrast to the account of
Ibn Fadlan
Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Rāšid ibn Ḥammād, ( ar, أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حماد; ) commonly known as Ahmad ibn Fadlan, was a 10th-century Muslim traveler, famous for his account of hi ...
and other Arab authors, whose views on hygiene (based on
Islamic hygienical jurisprudence
Purity ( ar, طهارة, ''ṭahāra(h)'') is an essential aspect of Islam. It is the opposite of ''najāsa'', the state of being ritually impure. It is achieved by first removing physical impurities (for example, urine) from the body, and then ...
) contrasted with that of the
Rus'. However, the word ''clean'' initially appeared in the first Russian translation of Ibn Rustah by professor
Daniel Chwolson
Daniel Abramovich Chwolson or Chwolsohn or Khvolson (russian: Даниил Авраамович (Абрамович) Хвольсон; he, דניאל אברמוביץ' חבולסון) () – )) was a Russian-Jewish orientalist.
Biography
Chwolso ...
(who also misspelled his name as Ibn Dasta(h)). Consecutive Russian editions of Chwolson's translation include a footnote saying that the Arabic original clearly says the opposite, ''unclean'' or ''impure'', and suggesting that Chwolson made such a correction intentionally, out of a remote concern that modern
Russians
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, image =
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, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
might be offended by such characteristic.
See footnote 35.
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* Of ancient Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
he wrote in the chronicle ''Al-Djarmi'':
::''"Their ruler is crowned … He dwells in the midst of the Slavs … He bears the title of 'ruler of rulers' and is called 'sacred king'. He is more powerful than the Zupan (viceroy), who is his deputy … His capital is called Drzvab where is held a fair of three days every month."''
* About a certain king of the Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...
Ibn Rustah wrote:
::''"He prayed on Fridays with the Muslims, on Saturdays with the Jews and on Sundays with the Christians. 'Since each religion claims that it is the only true one and that the others are invalid', the king explained, 'I have decided to hedge my bets.'"''
* He also travelled extensively in Arabia and is one of the early Persian explorers to describe the city of Sana'a
Sanaa ( ar, صَنْعَاء, ' , Yemeni Arabic: ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw''), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Gover ...
. In his ''Book of Precious Records'', he writes:
::''"It is the city of Yemen — there not being found in the highland or the Tihama or the Hijaz a city greater, more populous or more prosperous, of more noble origin or more delicious food than it. … San'a is a populous city with fine dwellings, some above others, but most of them are decorated with plaster, burned bricks and dressed stones."''
Translations
'' Абу-Али Ахмед Бен Омар Ибн-Даста''. Известия о хозарах, буртасах, болгарах, мадьярах, славянах и руссах. — СПб.: тип. Императорской Академии Наук, 1869. ussian translation.
Literature
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Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rustah, Ahmad
10th-century births
10th-century deaths
Writers from Isfahan
10th-century Iranian geographers
Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
Persian explorers
Explorers of Asia
10th-century geographers
Geographers from the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century Iranian writers
Samanid Empire
10th-century explorers