Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr ibn Ayyūb al-Zurʿī l-Dimashqī l-Ḥanbalī (29 January 1292–15 September 1350 CE / 691 AH–751 AH), commonly known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya ("The son of the principal of
he school ofJawziyyah") or Ibn al-Qayyim ("Son of the principal"; ابن القيّم) for short, or reverentially as Imam Ibn al-Qayyim in
Sunni tradition
A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays or ...
, was an important
medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
Islamic jurisconsult,
theologian
Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...
, and
spiritual writer.
Belonging to the
Hanbali
The Hanbali school ( ar, ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنۢبَلِي, al-maḏhab al-ḥanbalī) is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (''madhahib'') of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ...
school of
orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, of which he is regarded as "one of the most important thinkers,"
[ Ibn al-Qayyim was also the foremost disciple and student of Ibn Taymiyyah,][Hoover, Jon, "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor David Thomas.] with whom he was imprisoned in 1326 for dissenting against established tradition during Ibn Taymiyyah's famous incarceration in the Citadel of Damascus
The Citadel of Damascus ( ar, قلعة دمشق, Qalʿat Dimašq) is a large medieval fortified palace and citadel in Damascus, Syria. It is part of the Ancient City of Damascus, which was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
The loc ...
.
Of humble origin, Ibn al-Qayyim's father was the principal (''qayyim'') of the School of Jawziyya, which also served as a court of law
A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordan ...
for the Hanbali judge of Damascus during the time period. Ibn al-Qayyim went on to become a prolific scholar, producing a rich corpus of "doctrinal and literary" works. As a result, numerous important Muslim scholars of the Mamluk
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
period
Period may refer to:
Common uses
* Era, a length or span of time
* Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Period (music), a concept in musical composition
* Periodic sentence (or rhetorical period), a concept ...
were among Ibn al-Qayyim's students or, at least, greatly influenced by him, including, amongst others, the Shafi
The Shafii ( ar, شَافِعِي, translit=Shāfiʿī, also spelled Shafei) school, also known as Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī, is one of the four major traditional schools of religious law (madhhab) in the Sunnī branch of Islam. It was founded by ...
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...
Ibn Kathir (d. 774/1373), the Hanbali
The Hanbali school ( ar, ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنۢبَلِي, al-maḏhab al-ḥanbalī) is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (''madhahib'') of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ...
hadith
Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approva ...
scholar Ibn Rajab
Imam Abd Al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Rajab (736-795 AH/1335–1393 CE), best known as ''Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbali'' and also ''Ibn Rajab'', which was a nickname he inherited from his grandfather who was born in the month of Rajab, was a Muslim scholar.
B ...
(d. 795/1397), and the Shafi
The Shafii ( ar, شَافِعِي, translit=Shāfiʿī, also spelled Shafei) school, also known as Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī, is one of the four major traditional schools of religious law (madhhab) in the Sunnī branch of Islam. It was founded by ...
polymath
A polymath ( el, πολυμαθής, , "having learned much"; la, homo universalis, "universal human") is an individual whose knowledge spans a substantial number of subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific pro ...
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852/1449). In the present day, Ibn al-Qayyim's name has become a controversial one in certain quarters of the Islamic world due to his popularity amongst many adherents of the Sunni movements of Salafism
The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generat ...
and Wahhabism
Wahhabism ( ar, ٱلْوَهَّابِيَةُ, translit=al-Wahhābiyyah) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement associated with the reformist doctrines of the 18th-century Arabian Islamic scholar, theologian, preacher, and ...
, who see in his criticisms of such widespread orthodox
Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to:
Religion
* Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pa ...
Sunni practices of the medieval period as the veneration of saints
Veneration ( la, veneratio; el, τιμάω ), or veneration of saints, is the act of honoring a saint, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of sanctity or holiness. Angels are shown similar veneration in many religions. Etym ...
and the veneration of their graves and relics a classical precursor to their own perspective.
Name
Muhammad Ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Ayyub Ibn Sa'd Ibn Harīz Ibn Makkī Zayn al-Dīn al-Zur'ī ( ar, محمد بن أبي بكر بن أيوب بن سعد بن حريز بن مكي زين الدين الزُّرعي), al-Dimashqi (الدمشقي), with kunya of Abu Abdullah (أبو عبد الله), called Shams al-Dīn ( شمس الدین). He is usually known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, after his father Abu Bakr Ibn Sa'd al-Zur'ī who was the superintendent (''qayyim'') of the Jawziyyah Madrasah, the Hanbali law college in Damascus.
Biography
Teachers
While the main teacher Ibn al-Qayyim studied from was the scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, he also studied under a number of other scholars including his father, Abu Bakr ibn Ayoub, Ibn 'Abd Al Da'im, Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī, and Safi Al-Din Al-Hindi. Ibn al-Qayyim began studying under Ibn Taymiyyah at the age of 21 (1313-1328, after the latter moved back to Damascus from Cairo, and he stayed studying with him and being a close companion of his until Ibn Taymiyyah passed away in 1328 CE. As a result of this 16-year union, he shared many of his teacher's views on various issues, though his approach in dealing with other scholars has been seen as being less polemic.
Imprisonment
Ibn al-Qayyim was imprisoned with his teacher Ibn Taymiyyah from 1326 until 1328, when Ibn Taymiyyah died and Ibn al-Qayyim was released. According to the historian al-Maqrizi
Al-Maqrīzī or Maḳrīzī (Arabic: ), whose full name was Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī (Arabic: ) (1364–1442) was a medieval Egyptian Arab historian during the Mamluk era, kn ...
, two reasons led to his arrest: the first was a sermon Ibn al-Qayyim had delivered in Jerusalem in which he decried the visitation of holy graves, including the Prophet Muhammad's grave in Medina, the second was his agreement with Ibn Taymiyyah's view on the matter of divorce, which
contradicted the view of the majority of scholars in Damascus.
The campaign to have Ibn al-Qayyim imprisoned was led by Shafi'i
The Shafii ( ar, شَافِعِي, translit=Shāfiʿī, also spelled Shafei) school, also known as Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī, is one of the four major traditional schools of religious law (madhhab) in the Sunnī branch of Islam. It was founded by ...
and Maliki
The ( ar, مَالِكِي) school is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas in the 8th century. The Maliki school of jurisprudence relies on the Quran and hadiths as primary ...
scholars, and was also joined by the Hanbali
The Hanbali school ( ar, ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنۢبَلِي, al-maḏhab al-ḥanbalī) is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (''madhahib'') of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal ...
and Hanafi
The Hanafi school ( ar, حَنَفِية, translit=Ḥanafiyah; also called Hanafite in English), Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools ( maddhab) of Islamic Law (Fiqh). It is named a ...
judges.
Whilst in prison Ibn al-Qayyim busied himself with the Qur'an. According to Ibn Rajab
Imam Abd Al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Rajab (736-795 AH/1335–1393 CE), best known as ''Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbali'' and also ''Ibn Rajab'', which was a nickname he inherited from his grandfather who was born in the month of Rajab, was a Muslim scholar.
B ...
, Ibn al-Qayyim made the most of his time of imprisonment: the immediate result of his delving into the Qur'an while in prison was a series of mystical experiences (described as dhawq
In Sufism, dhawq (tasting) is direct, first-hand experience. It refers, principally, to the Gnosis
Gnosis is the common Greek noun for knowledge ( γνῶσις, ''gnōsis'', f.). The term was used among various Hellenistic religions and phil ...
, direct experience of the divine mysteries, and mawjud, ecstasy occasioned by direct encounter with the Divine Reality).
Spiritual life
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya wrote a lengthy spiritual commentary on a treatise written by the Hanbali Sufi Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Harawi al-Ansari or Abdullah Ansari of Herat (1006–1088) ( fa, خواجه عبدالله انصاری) also known as ''Pir-i Herat'' () "Sage of Herat", was a Muslim Sufi saint who lived in the 11th century in Herat (m ...
entitled ''Madarij al-Salikin''.
He expressed his love and appreciation for Ansari in this commentary with his statement ''"Certainly I love the Sheikh, but I love the truth more!. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya refers to Ansari with the honorific title "''Sheikh al-Islam''" in his work ''Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyab''.
Death
Ibn al-Qayyim died at the age of 60 years, 5 months, and 5 days, on the 13th night of Rajab
Rajab ( ar, رَجَب) is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The lexical definition of the classical Arabic verb ''rajaba'' is "to respect" which could also mean "be awe or be in fear", of which Rajab is a derivative.
This month is re ...
, 751 AH (September 15, 1350 CE), and was buried besides his father at the Bab al-Saghīr Cemetery.
Views
Jurisprudence
Like his teacher Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Taymiyyah (January 22, 1263 – September 26, 1328; ar, ابن تيمية), birth name Taqī ad-Dīn ʾAḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī ( ar, تقي الدين أحمد بن عبد الحليم ...
, Ibn Qayyim, supported broad powers for the state and prosecution. He argued, for example, "that it was often right to punish someone of lowly status" who alleged improper behavior by someone "more respectable."[Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", ''Islamic Law and Society'', v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.188-90, citing Ibn Qayyim, ''Turuq al Hikmiya fi al-Siyasa al Sharia'', pp.48-9, 92-93, 101, 228-30]
Ibn Qayyim "formulated evidential theories" that made judges "less reliant than ever before on the oral testimony." One example was the establishment of a child's paternity by experts scrutinizing the faces of "a child and its alleged father for similarities".[ Another was in determining impotence. If a woman sought a divorce on the grounds of her husband's impotence and her husband contested the claim, a judge might obtain a sample of the husband's ejaculate. According to Ibn Qayyim "only genuine semen left a white residue when boiled".][
In interrogating the accused, Ibn Qayyim believed that testimony could be beaten out of suspects if they were "disreputable".][Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya 1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", ''Islamic Law and Society'', v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.191-2, citing Ibn Qayyim, ''Turuq al Hikmiya fi al-Siyasa al Sharia'', pp.7, 13, 108][Reza, Sadiq, "Torture and Islamic Law", ''Chicago Journal of International Law'', 8 (2007), pp.24-25]
This was in contrast to the majority of Islamic jurists who had always acknowledged "that alleged sinners were entitled to remain silent if accused."[Baber Johansen, "Signs as Evidence: The Doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya 1263-1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d.1351) on Proof", ''Islamic Law and Society'', v.9, n.2 (2002), pp.170-1, 178] Attorney and author Sadakat Kadri
Sadakat Kadri (born 1964 in London) is a lawyer, author, travel writer and journalist. One of his foremost roles as a barrister was to assist in the prosecution of former Malawian president Hastings Banda. As a member of the New York Bar he has w ...
states that, "as a matter of straightforward history, torture had originally been forbidden by Islamic jurisprudence."[ Ibn Qayyim however, believed that "the Prophet ]Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mo ...
, the Rightly Guided Caliphs
The Rashidun Caliphs ( ar, الخلفاء الراشدون, translit=al-Khulafāʾ al-Rāshidūn, ), often simply called the Rashidun, are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of the Islam ...
, and other Companions" would have supported his position.[
]
Astrology and alchemy
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah opposed alchemy
Alchemy (from Arabic: ''al-kīmiyā''; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, ''khumeía'') is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, ...
and divination of all varieties, but was particularly opposed to astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Di ...
, whose practitioners dared to "think they could know secrets locked within the mystery of God's supreme and all-embracing wisdom."[ In fact, those who believed that human personalities and events were influenced by heavenly bodies, were "the most ignorant of people, the most in error and the furthest from humanity ... the most ignorant of people concerning his soul and its creator".][
In his ''Miftah Dar al-Sa'adah'', in addition to denouncing the astrologers as worse than infidels, he uses empirical arguments to refute the practice of alchemy and ]astrology
Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Di ...
along with the theories associated with them, such as divination and the transmutation of metals, for example arguing:
Mysticism
Although Ibn al-Qayyim is sometimes characterized today as an unabashed enemy of Islamic mysticism, it is historically known that he actually had a “great interest in Sufism,” which arose out of his vast exposure to the practice given Sufism's integral role in orthodox Islamic life at his time.[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ''Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib'', trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as ''The Invocation of God'' (Cambridge: ]Islamic Texts Society
The Islamic Texts Society (ITS) is a peer-reviewed, British publishing house which concentrates on academic and general titles on Islam. It is registered as an educational charity in the UK.
History
The Islamic Texts Society was founded in Cam ...
, 2000), p. x Some of his major works, such as ''Madārij, Ṭarīq al-hijratayn'' (''Path of the Two Migrations'') and ''Miftāḥ dār al-saʿāda'' (''Key to the Joyous Dwelling''), "are devoted almost entirely to Sufi themes," yet allusions to such "themes are found in nearly all his writings," including in such influential works of spiritual devotion such as '' al-Wābil al-Ṣayyib'', a highly important treatise detailing the importance of the practice of dhikr
''Dhikr'' ( ar, ذِكْر}, , also spelled ''Zikr'', ''Thikr'', ''Zekr'', or ''Zikar'', literally meaning "remembrance, reminder" or "mention") is a form of Islamic meditation in which phrases or prayers are repeatedly chanted in order to remem ...
, and his revered ''magnum opus'', ''Madārij al-sālikīn'' (''The Wayfarers' Stages''), which is an extended commentary on a work written by the eleventh-century Hanbalite
The Hanbali school ( ar, ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنۢبَلِي, al-maḏhab al-ḥanbalī) is one of the four major traditional Sunni schools (''madhahib'') of Islamic jurisprudence. It is named after the Arab scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d ...
saint and mystic Abdullah Ansari, whom Ibn al-Qayyim referred to reverentially as " Shaykh al-Islām." In all such writings, it is evident Ibn al-Qayyim wrote to address "those interested in Sufism in particular and ... 'the matters of the heart' ... in general," and proof of this lies in the fact that he states, in the introduction to his short book ''Patience and Gratitude'', "This is a book to benefit kings and princes, the wealthy and the indigent, Sufis and religious scholars; (a book) to inspire the sedentary to set out, accompany the wayfarer on the Way (''al-sā'ir fī l-ṭariq'') and inform the one journeying towards the Goal." Some scholars have compared Ibn al-Qayyim's role to that of Ghazali two-hundred years prior, in that he tried "rediscover and restate the orthodox roots of Islam's interior dimension."
It is also true, however, that Ibn al-Qayyim did indeed share some of his teacher Ibn Taymiyyah's more negative sentiments towards what he perceived to be excesses in mystical practice.[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, ''Al-Wabil al-Sayyib min al-Kalim al-Tayyib'', trans. Michael Abdurrahman Fitzgerald and Moulay Youssef Slitine as ''The Invocation of God'' (Cambridge: ]Islamic Texts Society
The Islamic Texts Society (ITS) is a peer-reviewed, British publishing house which concentrates on academic and general titles on Islam. It is registered as an educational charity in the UK.
History
The Islamic Texts Society was founded in Cam ...
, 2000), p. ix For example, he felt that the pervasive and powerful influence the works of Ibn Arabi
Ibn ʿArabī ( ar, ابن عربي, ; full name: , ; 1165–1240), nicknamed al-Qushayrī (, ) and Sulṭān al-ʿĀrifīn (, , ' Sultan of the Knowers'), was an Arab Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influen ...
had begun to wield over the entire Sunni world was leading to errors in doctrine. As a result, he rejected Ibn Arabi's concept of wahdat al-wajud
Tawhid ( ar, , ', meaning "unification of God in Islam (Allāh)"; also romanization of Arabic, romanized as ''Tawheed'', ''Tawhid'', ''Tauheed'' or ''Tevhid'') is the indivisible oneness concept of monotheism in Islam. Tawhid is the religion ...
or the "oneness of being, " and opposed, moreover, some of the more extreme "forms of Sufism that had gained currency particularly in the new seat of Muslim power, Mamluk Egypt
The Mamluk Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة المماليك, translit=Salṭanat al-Mamālīk), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz (western Arabia) from the mid-13th to early 16th ...
and Syria." That said, he never condemned Sufism outright, and his many works bear witness, as it has been noted above, to the immense reverence in which he held the vast majority of Sufi tradition. In this connection, it is also significant that Ibn al-Qayyim followed Ibn Taymiyyah in "consistently praising" the early spiritual master al-Junayd
Junayd of Baghdad (; 830–910) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Islamic saints. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders.
Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an impo ...
, one of the most famous saints in the Sufi tradition,[Ovamir Anjum, “SUFISM WITHOUT MYSTICISM? IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH'S OBJECTIVES IN "MADĀRIǦ
AL-SĀLIKĪN",” ''Oriente Moderno'', Nuova serie, Anno 90, Nr. 1, ''A SCHOLAR IN THE SHADOW: ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT OF IBN QAYYIM AL-ǦAWZIYYAH'' (2010), p. 165] as well as "other early spiritual masters of Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. I ...
who later became known as 'sober' Sufis." As a matter of fact, Ibn al-Qayyim did not condemn the ecstatic Sufis either, regarding their mystical outbursts as signs of spiritual "weakness" rather than heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. The term is usually used in reference to violations of important religi ...
. Ibn al-Qayyim's highly nuanced position on this matter led to his composing apologies for the ecstatic outbursts of several early Sufis, just as many Sufis had done so before him.
Christianity
Ibn Qayyim prohibited congratulating Christians on their religious celebrations, comparing such congratulations to endorsing the belief of Jesus as son of the God.
Reception
Ibn Qayyim was respected by a number of scholars during and after his life. Ibn Kathir stated that Ibn al-Qayyim,
Ibn Rajab
Imam Abd Al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Rajab (736-795 AH/1335–1393 CE), best known as ''Ibn Rajab Al-Hanbali'' and also ''Ibn Rajab'', which was a nickname he inherited from his grandfather who was born in the month of Rajab, was a Muslim scholar.
B ...
, one of Ibn Qayyim's students, stated that,
Criticism
Ibn Qayyim was criticized by a number of scholars, including:
* Taqi al-Din al-Subki
Abu Al-Hasan Taqī al-Dīn Ali ibn Abd al-Kafi ibn Ali al-Khazraji al-Ansari al-Subkī ( ar, أبو الحسن تقي الدين علي بن عبد الكافي بن علي الخزرجي الأنصاري السبكي), was a leading polymath a ...
(d. 756/1355) accused him of heresy, and wrote a book against him, entitled: "Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil
Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd 'ala Ibn Zafil ( ar, السيف الصقيل في الرد على ابن زفيل, lit=The Burnished Sword in Refuting Ibn Zafil erogatory name for Ibn al-Qayyim">Ibn_al-Qayyim.html" ;"title="erogatory name for Ibn al- ...
".
* Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī al-Makkī al-Anṣārī known as Ibn Hajar al-Haytami al-Makki ( ar, ابن حجر الهيتمي المكي) was an Egyptian Arab muhaddith and theologi ...
(d. 974/1566–7) in his ' declared Ibn al-Qayyim and his teacher Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Taymiyyah (January 22, 1263 – September 26, 1328; ar, ابن تيمية), birth name Taqī ad-Dīn ʾAḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī ( ar, تقي الدين أحمد بن عبد الحليم ...
to be heretics and unbelievers ( Mulhideen). He described their position on the Divine attributes as anthropomorphist
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.
Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics t ...
.
Legacy
![Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0568 fol 1b-2a](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_mss_0568_fol_1b-2a.jpg)
Works
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah's contributions to the Islamic library are extensive, and they particularly deal with the Qur'anic commentaries, and understanding and analysis of the prophetic traditions (''Fiqh-us Sunnah'') (فقه ). He "wrote about a hundred books", including:
* Zad al-Ma'ad ''Zad al-Ma'ad Fi Hadyi Khair Al 'Ibaad'' ( ar, زاد المعاد في هدي خير العباد) is a 5-volume book, translated as Provisions of the Hereafter in the Guidance of the Best of Servants, written by the Islamic scholar Ibn al-Qayyim ...
(Provision of the hereafter)
* '' Al-Waabil Sayyib minal kalim tayyib'' – a commentary on hadith about Prophet Yahya ibn Zakariyya.
* ''I'laam ul Muwaqqi'een 'an Rabb il 'Aalameen'' (Information for Those who Write on Behalf of the Lord of the Worlds)
* ''Tahthib Sunan Abi Da'ud''
* ''Madaarij Saalikeen'' which is an extensive commentary on the book by Shaikh Abu Ismail al-Ansari al-Harawi al-Sufi, ''Manazil-u Sa'ireen'' (Stations of the Seekers);
* ''Tafsir Mu'awwadhatain'' (Tafsir of Surah Falaq and Nas);
* ''Badāʾiʿ al-Fawāʾid'' (بدائع الفوائد): Amazing Points of Benefit
* ''Ad-Dā'i wa Dawā'' also known as'' Al Jawābul kāfi liman sa'ala 'an Dawā'i Shaafi''
* ''Haadi Arwah ila biladil Afrah''
* ''Uddat as-Sabirin wa Dhakhiratu ash-Shakirin'' (عدة الصابرين وذخيرة الشاكرين)
* ''Ighathatu lahfaan min masaa'id ash-shaytan'' (إغاثة اللهفان من مصائد الشيطان) : Aid for the Yearning One in Resisting the Shayṭān
* ''Rawdhatul Muhibbīn''
* ''Ahkām ahl al-dhimma"
*Tuhfatul Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud: A Gift to the Loved One Regarding the Rulings of the Newborn
*Miftah Dar As-Sa'adah
*Jala al-afham fi fadhl salati ala khayral anam
*Al-Manar al-Munif
* Al-Tibb al-Nabawi – a book on Prophetic medicine
In Islam, prophetic medicine ( ar, الطب النبوي, ') is the advice given by the prophet Muhammad with regards to sickness, treatment and hygiene as found in the hadith. It is usually practiced primarily by non-physician scholars who collec ...
, available in English as "The Prophetic Medicine", printed by Dar al-Fikr in Beirut (Lebanon), or as "Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet (sal allahu `alayhi wa salim)", printed by Darussalam Publications.
*'' Al-Furusiyya''
*''Shifa al-Alil fi masa'il al qada'i wal qadri wal hikmati wa at-ta'leel (Remedy for Those who Question on Matters Concerning Divine Decree, Predestination, Wisdom and Causality)''
*''Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq''
*''Hadi al-Arwah ila Bilad al-Arfah (Spurring Souls on to the Realms of Joy
* A treatise on Arab archery Arab archery is the traditional style of archery practiced by the Arab peoples of the Middle East and North Africa from ancient to modern times.
Release style
The style of Arab archery described in the extant texts is similar to the styles used by ...
is by Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr (1292AD-1350AD) and comes from the 14th century.[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr. kitab ʻuniyat al-ṭullāb fī maʻrifat al-rāmī bil-nushshāb. airo? .n. 1932. OCLC: 643468400.]
References
Further reading
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External links
Biodata at MuslimScholars.info
Who is Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya? - Hidaya Research
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Quotes by Ibn al-Qayyim
Books
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah
1292 births
1350 deaths
14th-century Arabs
Hanbalis
Sunni imams
Critics of Shia Islam
Critics of Christianity
Syrian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Atharis
Theologians from the Mamluk Sultanate
Proto-Salafists
14th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
14th-century jurists