Abu ʾl-Fatḥ Naṣr Allāh ibn ʿAbd Allāh (; 1137–1172), known as Ibn Qalāqis (or Ḳalāḳis) and also al-Qāḍī al-aʿazz ("he most honorable
judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...
"), was an Egyptian
Arab
The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
poet and author. He spent his last few years travelling widely through
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
and
Yemen
Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...
. The collections of poems and letters he left behind contain much valuable information for historians.
Life
Ibn Qalaqis was born in 532
AH (1137
AD) in
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...
, then part of the
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Isma'ilism, Ismaili Shia Islam, Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the ea ...
. He moved to
Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metro ...
for his education, and studied under
Abu Tahir al-Silafi Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī ( ar, أبو طاهر السلفي; born Isfahan in 472 AH/1079 CE, died Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest c ...
.
[ In 1165/6, he wrote to the Sicilian '']qāʾid
Qaid ( ar , قائد ', "commander"; pl. '), also spelled kaid or caïd, is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, applied to palatine officials and members of the ''curia'', usually to those w ...
'' Abu'l-Qasim ibn Hammud ibn al-Hajar
zth
Abu'l-Qasim ibn Hammud ibn al-Hajar ( ar, أبو القاسم بن حمود بن الحجر, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Ḥammūd ibn al-Ḥajar) was a senior official or Qaid (, Arabic for 'commander') of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, and a leader of ...
, requesting financial assistance for his ''ḥajj
The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...
'' (pilgrimage) to Mecca
Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red ...
. He met with difficulties in Egypt and never went, instead accepting Abu'l-Qasim's invitation to come to the island of Sicily, then part of the Norman Kingdom, but retaining a vibrant Arab culture. He arrived in Messina
Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in ...
on 11 May 1168 and stayed on the island at least until April 1169.[Jeremy Johns (2002). ''Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Dīwān''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 35 and 233–41.]
In Sicily, he stayed in Palermo
Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan ...
at the house of his patron Abu'l-Qasim. He arrived in Palermo on 9 June 1168 at the start of Ramadan
, type = islam
, longtype = Religious
, image = Ramadan montage.jpg
, caption=From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan. Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran. ...
, and passed the following months visiting the gardens of the Conca d'Oro and the royal palaces. He dedicated ''qaṣīda
The qaṣīda (also spelled ''qaṣīdah''; is originally an Arabic word , plural ''qaṣā’id'', ; that was passed to some other languages such as fa, قصیده or , ''chakameh'', and tr, kaside) is an ancient Arabic word and form of writin ...
''s to Abu'l-Qasim and his three sons, Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman.[
In the summer of 1168, he had a falling out with Abu'l-Qasim—perhaps over his friendship with al-Sadid Abu'l-Maqarim Hibat Allah ibn al-Husri.][ While he was preparing to return to Egypt, he received a gift of cheese, butter, oil, tuna, cotton, walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, wheat, flour, wine, and other things. Although he does not say from whom the gift came, it was probably from the royal court. Shortly thereafter, he was given an audience with King ]William I
William I; ang, WillelmI (Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 33– 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 ...
and Queen Margaret
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian.
Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...
. He wrote ''qaṣīda''s to the monarchs and to Richard the Vizier, a former Muslim who probably arranged the audience.[
From Palermo, he went to Termini, ]Cefalù
Cefalù (), classically known as Cephaloedium (), is a city and comune in the Italian Metropolitan City of Palermo, located on the Tyrrhenian coast of Sicily about east of the provincial capital and west of Messina. The town, with its populati ...
, Caronia, Patti, Oliveri
Oliveri ( Sicilian: ''Oluveri'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about east of Palermo and about west of Messina. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,076 and an are ...
,[ and ]Milazzo
Milazzo ( Sicilian: ''Milazzu''; la, Mylae; ) is a town (''comune'') in the Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, southern Italy; it is the largest commune in the Metropolitan City after Messina and Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto. The town has a p ...
before stopping in Syracuse
Syracuse may refer to:
Places Italy
*Syracuse, Sicily, or spelled as ''Siracusa''
*Province of Syracuse
United States
*Syracuse, New York
**East Syracuse, New York
**North Syracuse, New York
*Syracuse, Indiana
* Syracuse, Kansas
*Syracuse, Miss ...
in order to take ship to Egypt. There, however, he wrote a ''qaṣīda'' to Abu'l-Qasim, who then accepted him back. He returned to Palermo via Lentini
Lentini ( scn, Lintini, historically Liuntini; la, Leontīnī; grc, Λεοντῖνοι) is a town and in the Province of Syracuse, South East of Sicily (Southern Italy).
History
The city was founded by colonists from Naxos as Leontini in 72 ...
, Caltavuturo and Termini. He was back in Palermo by 2 January 1169, when he wrote a ''qaṣīda'' on the birth of a son to Abu'l-Qasim's brother. He wrote a farewell ''qaṣīda'' in April 1169 and left Sicily not long after.[
In late 1169 or early 1170, he travelled to Yemen, then ruled by the Zurayids, who recognized Fatimid authority. He went by way of the Egyptian port of Aydhab. He suffered a shipwreck shortly after leaving Sicily. The purpose of his visit may have been commercial or diplomatic, since he had been urged by the Fatimid poet ]Umara al-Yamani
Umāra ibn Abī al-Ḥasan al-Yamanī ( ar, عمارة بن ابي الحسن اليمني) was a historian, jurist and poet of Yemen of great repute who was closely associated with the late Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. He was executed by order of S ...
to see the vizier of Aden
Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. ...
, Abu Bakr al-Idi. In Yemen, besides Aden, he also visited Zabid
Zabid ( ar, زَبِيد) (also spelled Zabīd, Zabeed and Zebid) is a town with an urban population of around 52,590 people on Yemen's western coastal plain. It is one of the oldest towns in Yemen, and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since ...
.[
On his return trip to Aydhab, he suffered another shipwreck, this time in the Dahlak Islands. He was forced to seek the hospitality of the Sultan of Dahlak.][ During his sojourn in Dahlak, he saw the ruins of the old port of Badi, which he describes in a poem.]John Winter Crowfoot
John Winter Crowfoot CBE (28 July 1873 – 6 December 1959) was a British educational administrator and archaeologist. He worked for 25 years in Egypt and Sudan, serving from 1914 to 1926 as Director of Education in the Sudan, before accepting an ...
(1911), "Some Red Sea Ports in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", ''The Geographical Journal'', 37(5), pp. 523–50, esp. 542ff. He eventually got as far as Aydhab, where he died in 567 AH (1172 AD).[
]
Writings
Ibn Qalaqis's poetry was collected in a '' dīwān'' (collection of short poems), which has been edited and published. His poems praise many important rulers and officials of Egypt, Sicily and Yemen. He praises the last Fatimid caliphs and their viziers, such as Ibn Masal
Najm al-Din Abu'l-Fath Salim/Sulayman ibn Muhammad al-Lukki al-Maghribi ( ar, ﻧﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ/ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻜﻲ, Najm al-Dīn Abu’l-Fatḥ Salīm/Sulaymān ibn ...
and Shawar.[ Farhad Daftary, ''Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies'' (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004), p. 183.]
A collection of Ibn Qalaqis's letters in the form of an epistolary novel, the ''Tarassul'', also survives. He wrote to friends, patrons and Fatimid officials in both Egypt and Yemen.[
He also wrote a book, ''al-Zahr al-bāsim fī awṣāf Abī'l-Qāsim'', in honour of Abu'l-Qasim. It is quoted in both prose and verse in the ''Kharīda'' of ]Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
Muhammad ibn Hamed Isfahani (1125 – 20 June 1201) ( fa, محمد ابن حامد اصفهانی), more popularly known as Imad ad-din al-Isfahani ( fa, عماد الدین اصفهانی) ( ar, عماد الدين الأصفهاني), was ...
, in the section on the poets of Egypt. The work describes in some detail his travels in Sicily, especially in the ''muqaddima
The ''Muqaddima'' ( ar, المُقَدِّمَة ''al-muqaddima,'' "The Introduction"), also known as the ''Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldun'' ( ar, مقدّمة ابن خلدون) or ''Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena'' ( grc, Προλεγόμενα), is a b ...
'' (prologue).[ It is also critical to establishing Abu'l-Qasim's family tree.][
]
Editions
*''Dīwān'', ed., Khalīl Muṭrān. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Jawāʾib, 1905.
*''Dīwān'', ed., Sihām al-Furayḥ. Kuwait: Maktabat al-Muʿallā, 1988.
*''Tarassul Ibn Qalāqis al-Iskandarī'', ed., ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Naṣīr al-Māniʿ. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Malik Saʿūd, 1984.
*''Al-Zahr al-bāsim wa-l-ʿarf al-nāsim fī madīḥ al-ajall Abī ʾl-Qāsim'', ed., ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Naṣīr al-Māniʿ. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Malik Saʿūd, 1984.
**Translated into Italian by Adalgisa De Simone, ed., ''Splendori e misteri di Sicilia in un'opera di Ibn Qalāqis''. Messina, 1996.
Notes
References
{{Authority control
1137 births
1172 deaths
12th-century Arabic-language poets
Writers from Alexandria
12th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
Poets from the Fatimid Caliphate
Kingdom of Sicily people
12th-century travelers