Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad ibn Fāris ibn Zakariyyā ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb al-Rāzī ( ar, أبو الحسين أحمد بن فارس بن زكريا بن محمد بن حبيب الرازي, died Ray, Iran 395/1004) was a Persian linguist, scribe, scholar, philologist and lexicographer, As well as bearing the epithet ''al-Rāzī'' ('meaning 'from Ray'), ibn Fāris was also known variously by the epithets al-Shāfiʿī, al-Mālikī, al-lughawī ('the linguist'), al-naḥwī ('the grammarian'), al-Qazwīnī ('from Qazvin') and (possibly inaccurately) al-Zahrāwī ('from al-Zahrāʾ').H. Fleisch, 'Ibn Fāris', in ''Encyclopædia of Islam'', ed. by P. J. Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), . He is noted for compiling two of the early dictionaries to organise words alphabetically rather than according to the word's rhyming pattern. He was primarily associated with Ray.Хрестоматия по исламу / Сост. и отв. ред. С. М. Прозоров. — М. : Наука, «Восточная литература», 1994. Initially, he was an adherent of the Shafi'i '' madhhab'', but later switched to the Maliki.

Life

Although some sources ascribe precise dates and places of birth to ibn Faris, including 329 AH/941 CE in Kursuf, in the district of al-Zahrāʾ, modern scholars conclude that this cannot be known. His father was Fāris ibn Zakariyyāʾ, who was perhaps a ''faqīh'' and who certainly gave ibn Fāris some of his education, passing on to him ibn al-Sikkīt's ''Kitāb'' ''al-Manṭiq''. Ibn Fāris studied in Qazvin, where his teachers included ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qaṭṭān (d. 345/956). He also studied in Zanjān (making the acquaintance of Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn al-Khaṭīb), Baghdad, and, while undertaking

hajj The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...

, in Mecca. Little is known about his family's origins or social status. According to his own account, his father was an educated man. He was probably raised in Hamadan. where he achieved great fame as a scholar and writer. In Hamadan, he took on many students, one of whom was Al-Hamadhani, who became the celebrated poet and originator of the '' Maqamat''. He was educated at Qazvin, Hamadan and Baghdad Based in Hamadan and attached to ibn al-ʿAmīd, ibn Fāris became well known for his scholarship, teaching

al-Ṣāḥib ibn ʿAbbād Abu’l-Qāsim Ismāʿīl ibn-i ʿAbbād ibn-i ʿAbbās ( fa, ابوالقاسم اسماعیل بن عباد بن عباس; born 938 - died 30 March 995), better known as Ṣāḥib ibn-i ʿAbbād (), also known as Ṣāḥib (), was a Persian s ...

(to whom he gave the ''Kitāb al-Ḥajar'') and Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Hamadhānī, though he came to have a bad relationship with each. Nevertheless, he was chosen to be to be tutor to

Majd al-Dawla Abu Talib Rustam ( fa, ابو طالب رستم; 997–1029), commonly known by his ''laqab'' (honorific title) of Majd al-Dawla (), was the last ''amir'' (ruler) of the Buyid amirate of Ray from 997 to 1029. He was the eldest son of Fakhr al-Daw ...

, son of Fakhr al-Dawla in Ray, and dedicated to his employer his book ''al-Ṣāḥibī''. He relocated to Rayy (now part of Tehran), possibly to take up a position as a tutor to, Majd al-Dawla, the son of the Buyid, Fakhr al-Dawla. At that time, Rayy was a centre of literature, enabling ibn Faris to mix with scholars and men of letters. There ibn Faris, gained favour of the Vizier, Ibn al-Amid, who was a patron of the learning and learned men. Said to have been kind and humble and an emotive poet, Ibn Fāris is generally accepted to have died in 395/1004, in Ray. Ibn Fāris specialised in lexicography, but also studied poetry, grammar, Koranic exegesis ('' tafsīr'') and jurisprudence ('' fiḳh''). In the assessment of H. Fleisch, 'Ibn Fāris had an unbiased mind. It is remarkable that in the 4th/10th century, an age dominated grammatically by Sībawayhi and the Baṣrans, he should have returned to the freedom of thought of the Kūfans and should once again have introduced grammatical discussion in his ''K tābKifāyat al-mutaʿallimīn fi’k̲h̲tilāf al-naḥwiyyīn'''. Ibn Fāris died in Rayy in 395/1004 (the generally accepted date).

Works

During his lifetime, Ibn Fāris produced many original works on a wide range of subjects: lexicography, grammar, poetry, literature, '' hadith'' (the words of the Prophet), the history of the Arabic language, ethics and jurispridence. He is best known for his dictionaries, ''Mujmal fi al-Lugha'' ummary of the Languageand ''Maqāyīs al-Lugha'' nalogical Templates of Language He was the first scholar to use the method of ''isytiqq'' in which he considers the derivation of words and word roots and shows great ingenuity in tracing the origin of Arabic words. He is generally credited with being the first scholar to organise words in alphabetical order, rather than according to rhyming patterns, as was customary practice at the time. He has been described as "one of the most original philologists of his time", and "the brightest representative of the philological school". He wrote some forty works.Suleiman, Y., ''The Arabic Tradition, A Study in Ta’lil'', Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 174n; Al-Shidyaq, A. F., ''Leg over Leg: Volumes One and Two'', NYU Press, 2015, p. 404; Meisami, J.S. and Starkey, P., ''Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature'', Volume 1, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 325 He also wrote many poems, most of which are now lost or forgotten. Some scholars credit al-Fāris as the originator of the ''

maqama ''Maqāmah'' (مقامة, pl. ''maqāmāt'', مقامات, literally "assemblies") are an (originally) Arabic prosimetric literary genre which alternates the Arabic rhymed prose known as '' Saj‘'' with intervals of poetry in which rhetorical ...

t'' genre, even before al-Hamadani. He is best known for his works on lexicography, which was his favourite subject. His most important works include: # ar, المجمل وهو من أشهر كتبه (''Kitāb al-Mujmal fī al-lugha'', Summary of the Language). A dictionary which traced words with multiple meanings back to their original semantic meaning, analysing and defining classical vocabulary in a clear and concise way, with numerous poetic citations. Words are listed by their first radical consonant, beginning with

hamza Hamza ( ar, همزة ') () is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the glottal stop . Hamza is not one of the 28 "full" letters and owes its existence to historical inconsistencies in the standard writing system. It is derived from ...

. The preface says that this work supersedes ibn Fāris's ''Kitāb al-ʿAyn'' and ''Kitāb al-Jīm''. The work was influenced by al-Khalīl and in turn influenced al-Fīrūzābādī's ''Qāmūs''. # ar, معجم مقاييس اللغة وهو من أشهر كتبه (''Kitāb Maqāyīs al-lugha'', Analogical Templates of Language). A novel dictionary, inspired by al-Khalīl, which aimed to establish the basic meanings of word-roots, and the semantic connections between their derivatives. But ibn Fāris was committed to a belief that there was no semantic change, but a single divine plan for the form of Arabic, which made his explanations at times convoluted. # ar, الصاحبي في فقه اللغة (كتاب اشتهر به كتاب فقه اللغة) (''al-Ṣāḥibī fī fiqh al-lugha wa-sunan al-ʿArab fī kalāmihā'', The Sahibian Treatise on the Law of Language and the Use of Speech and Its Use in the Speech of the Arabs). A novel, small-scale ''Muzhir'', beginning to attempt a comprehensive account of Arab ideas about Arabic lexicography, grammar, and history, arguing for the superiority of the Arabic language. Dedicated to

Sahib ibn Abbad Abu’l-Qāsim Ismāʿīl ibn-i ʿAbbād ibn-i ʿAbbās ( fa, ابوالقاسم اسماعیل بن عباد بن عباس; born 938 - died 30 March 995), better known as Ṣāḥib ibn-i ʿAbbād (), also known as Ṣāḥib (), was a Persian sc ...

and described as "a masterpiece". # ar, ذم الخطأ في الشعر (''Dhamm al-Khata’ fi al-Shi’r'', Reproving Mistakes Made in Poetry). A polemic concerning the pretentious uses of language by certain tenth-century poets. Other works that have been attributed to ibn Fāris are: # ar, الإتباع والمزاوجة (''Kitāb al-Itbāʿ wa ’l-muzāwaja''), a collection of words, always used in pairs, of the same pattern. # اختلاف النحويين # ar, أخلاق النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم (''Kitāb Akhlāq al-Nabī''). # الإفراد # الأمالي # أمثلة الأسجاع # ar, الانتصار لثعلب (''Kitāb al-Intiṣār li-Thaʿlab''), perhaps identical to the ''Kitāb Kifāyat al-mutaʿallimīn fi’khtilāf al-naḥwiyyīn'' below. # التاج ذكره ابن خير الأندلسي # تفسير أسماء النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم # تمام فصيح الكلام # الثلاثة ذكره بروكلمان # جامع التأويل، كتاب في التفسير # الحجر # حلية الفقهاء # ar, الحماسة المحدثه (''Kitāb al-Ḥamāsa al-muḥdatha''). # خلق الإنسان (في أعضاء الإنسان وصفاته) # دارات العرب # ذخائر الكلمات # ذم الغيبة # رائع الدرر ورائق الزهر في أخبار خير البشر # ar, سيرة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم (وصفه ياقوت بأنه كتاب صغير الحجم) (''Kitāb Sīrat al-Nabī''). # ar, رسالة الزهري إلى عبد الملك بن مروان (''Risāla against Abū ʿAmr Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd''), supporting the modern movement in Arabic poetry against the supporters of the ancients (quoted in

al-Thaʿālibī Al-Tha'alibi (961–1038), was a writer famous for his anthologies and collections of epigrams. As a writer of prose and verse in his own right, distinction between his and the work of others is sometimes lacking, as was the practice of writer ...

's ''Yatīmat al-dahr''). # الشِيات والحلى، ليس كما يعتقد أنه الثياب والحلى # ar, كفاية المتعلمين في اختلاف النحويين (''Kitāb Kifāyat al-mutaʿallimīn fi’khtilāf al-naḥwiyyīn'') # قصص النهار وسمر الليل # اليشكريات (منها جزء بالمكتبة الظاهرية) # ar, مقالة كلا وما جاء منها في كتاب الله (''Maqālat kallā wa-mā jāʿa minhā fī Kitāb Allāh''). # مختصر في المؤنث والمذكر # مقدمة في النحو (ذكره ابن الأنباري) # ar, اللامات (منه جزء بالمكتبة الظاهرية) (''Kitāb al-Lāmāt''), on the grammatical usage of ''la-'' and ''li-''. # غريب إعراب القرآن # العم والخال (ذكره ياقوت الحموي) # ar, فتيا فقيه العرب (''Kitāb Futyā faḳīh al-ʿArab''), a series of puzzles based on Islamic law and rare meanings of words. # الفرق (بسكون الراء) # الفريدة والخريدة # الليل والنهار # مأخذ العلم (ذكره ابن حجر في المجمع) # ar, متخير الألفاظ (بتشديد الياء وفتحها) (''Mutakhayyar al-alfāẓ''), a lexicographical work including post-classical vocabulary drawing on al-Khalīl and Ibn Durayd. # مسائل في اللغة # مقدمة في الفرائض # ar, النيروز (نسخته في مكتبة تيمور باشا منتسخة من المكتبة الظاهرية) (''Kitāb al-Nayrūz''), a study of the etymology of the word ''nayrūz'' and of other Arabic words on the pattern ''fayʿūl''. # نعت الشعر أو نقد الشعر. # The ''Kitāb Abyāt al-istishhād'', an anthology of verse lines which can be deployed as proverbs, is not listed as being by ibn Fāris in medieval sources, but has been attributed to him. Another suggestion is that this work is actually the ''Kitāb Dhakhāʾir al-kalimāt'' by one Yāqūt.Edited in ''Nawādir al-makhṭūṭāt'', second series, 1 (Cairo 1371/1951), 137-61.

Life

Works

See also

References

Sources

Further reading