Ibid. is an abbreviation for the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

word '' ibīdem'', meaning , commonly used in an endnote,

footnote A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a chapter, volume, or the whole text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the ...

bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography ...

citation A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of ...

, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to ''

idem ''idem'' is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as ''id.'', which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ''ibid.''). It is also used in academic citations to replace the n ...

'', literally meaning , abbreviated ''id.'', which is commonly used in

legal citation Legal citation is the practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most common sources of authority cited are court decisions (cases), statutes, regulations, government documents, treaties, and scholarly writin ...

. ''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material. The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Some academic publishers now prefer that ''ibid.'' not be

italicised In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right. Italics are a way to emphasise key points in a printed tex ...

, as it is a commonly found term. Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a

full stop The full stop (Commonwealth English), period (North American English), or full point , is a punctuation mark. It is used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence (as distinguished from a question or exclamation ...

. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise, while the Economist Style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.

Example

: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), 23. : Ibid. : Ibid., 29. : A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994). : Ibid. 1, 34.

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. , as in reference 5.

Cultural references

*" Ibid", a humorous short story by H. P. Lovecraft, purports to be a brief biography of the (fictional) Roman scholar Ibidus. * ''Ibid.'' is used in the 1960s play '' Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' by

Edward Albee Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright known for works such as ''The Zoo Story'' (1958), '' The Sandbox'' (1959), ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1962), '' A Delicate Balance'' (1966) ...

. Albee uses an unabbreviated ibid (i.e. '' ibīdem'') in his stage directions to tell an actor to use the same tone as the previous line. * In the '' Discworld'' novels ''

Pyramids A pyramid (from el, πυραμίς ') is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single step at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilate ...

'' and ''

Small Gods ''Small Gods'' is the thirteenth of Terry Pratchett's ''Discworld'' novels, published in 1992. It tells the origin of the god Om, and his relations with his prophet, the reformer Brutha. In the process, it satirises religious institutions, peopl ...

'' by Terry Pratchett, an Ephebian philosopher is called Ibid, mentioned in the latter as the author of ''Discourses''. * In the 1997 movie '' Good Will Hunting'', the main character, Will Hunting, when arguing for himself in court against the dismissive rebuttals of the prosecuting attorney, misquotes (and mispronounces) a passage from an obscure book, then follows up by stating "Ibid, your Honor," although there was no second citation.

References

External links

{{wiktionary, ibid., ibid, ibidem
''Ibid.''
on

Dictionary.com Dictionary.com is an online dictionary whose domain was first registered on May 14, 1995. The primary content on Dictionary.com is a proprietary dictionary based on ''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'', with editors for the site providing new a ...

Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles
Bibliography Latin words and phrases Abbreviations

Example

Cultural references

See also

References

External links