Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''IRS2''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
Function
This gene encodes the insulin receptor substrate 2, a cytoplasmic signaling molecule that mediates effects of
insulin
Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the ''INS'' gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism o ...
,
insulin-like growth factor 1
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in childhood growth, and has anabolic effects in adults.
IGF-1 is a protein that in humans is ...
, and other
cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrin ...
s by acting as a molecular adaptor between diverse
receptor tyrosine kinase
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase genes identified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase ...
s and downstream effectors. The product of this gene is
phosphorylated
In chemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology and could be driven by natural selection. Text was copied from this source, whi ...
by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase upon receptor stimulation, as well as by an
interleukin 4 receptor-associated kinase in response to
IL4 treatment.
Mice lacking IRS2 have a diabetic phenotype
as well as a 40% reduction in brain mass.
Interactions
IRS2 has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with:
*
PLCG1
Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1,is a protein that in humans involved in cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. It is encoded by the ''PLCG1'' gene and is part of the PLC superfamily.
Function
PLCγ1 is a cell grow ...
,
*
SOCS1
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOCS1'' gene. ''SOCS1'' orthologs have been identified in several mammals for which complete genome data are available.
Function
This gene encodes a member of ...
,
and
*
PIK3R1
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PIK3R1'' gene.
Function
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The e ...
,
References
Further reading
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